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11.1     Discuss the pattern of variation in the oxidation states of
                 (ii)\; C \; to \; Pb

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These elements belong to group 14, of the general electronic configuration ns^2,\ np^2. These elements have four valence electrons, therefore, they can exhibit commonly  +4 oxidation state.  On moving down the group from B\; to\; Tl +2 oxidation state becomes more and more common. Carbon and silicon mostly show +4 oxidation state, its stability decreases on moving down the group. It is due to the inert pair effect. Though Ge,\; Sn,\;Pb shows both +2 and +4 oxidation states. The stability of the lower oxidation state decreases down the group.

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