Lanthanoid contraction is caused due to
the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge
the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 5d electrons from the nuclear charge
the same effective nuclear charge from Ce to Lu
the imperfect shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge
Option 1)
the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge
Option 2)
the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 5d electrons from the nuclear charge
Option 3)
the same effective nuclear charge from Ce to Lu
Option 4)
the imperfect shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge
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