The ecosystem services include
maintenance of biodiversity
pollination of crop
spiritual, cultural and aesthetic values
all of these
As learnt in Ecosystem Services -
The products of ecosystem processes are named as ecosystem services.
- wherein
For example, healthy forest ecosystems purify air and water, mitigate droughts and floods, cycle nutrients, generate fertile soils, provide wildlife habitat,
maintain biodiversity, pollinate crops, provide storage site for carbon and also provide aesthetic, cultural and spiritual values. Though value of such services of biodiversity is difficult to determine, it seems reasonable to think that biodiversity should carry a hefty price tag.
Hence, the correct option is (d).