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Which of the following is the characteristic of gymnosperms ?
Option: 1
They are homosporous
Option: 2
Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte
Option: 3
Male and female gametophytes do not have independent free living existence
Option: 4
Ovules are enclosed by ovary
Answers (1)
Gymnosperms -
- Gymnosperms are embryo forming, vascular tissue containing plants.
- These are usually evergreen trees, rarely shrubs and very rarely perennial herbs. Sequoia is one of the tallest trees.
- Ginkgo is a living fossil.
- The dominant stage in the life cycle is the sporophyte and divided into root, stem and leaf.
- The root system is usually a taproot system.
- Roots of some plants are associated with fungal mycelia and form Mycorrhizal roots (Pinus), while in others they are associated with Cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena as in Cycas.
- The stem of gymnosperms can be branched (Pinus, Cedrus) or unbranched (Cycas).
- Leaves can be simple as in Ginkgo and Gnetum or Pinnately compound as in Cycas.
- Leaves persist for a few years and they are well adapted to withstand extremes temperature, humidity and wind.
- In conifers like Pinus, the needle-like leaves with sunken stomata and thick cuticle reduce the surface area to minimize water loss (xerophytic adaptation).
- Anatomically the stem has Eustele with conjoint, collateral and open vascular bundles.
- Xylem usually lacks vessels and companion cells are absent in phloem.
- Stem and root show secondary growth.
-
Gametophytes are reduced in gymnosperms
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