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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure of Atom- In this chapter, we will study about the discovery of fundamental particles like electron, proton and neutrons. NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 2 Structure of Atom deals with the questions based on various advancements being made to explain different atomic models which gave the basic concept of quantization of energy and gave a modern structure of atoms. In Structure of Atom Class 11 chapter, there are 67 question in the exercise.
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Question 2.1 (i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
Answer :
As the mass of one electron we know is .
Therefore,
.
Question 2.1 (ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Answer :
As the mass of one electron is equal to
Therefore, Mass of 1 mole or electrons .
Charge on one electron is .
Therefore, the charge on 1 mole of electrons will be:
.
Question 2.2 (i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.
Answer :
1 molecule of methane contains electrons.
Therefore, 1 mole of methane will contain:
electrons.
Question 2.2 (ii) Find (a) the total number of neutrons in 7 mg of 14 C. (Assume that mass of a neutron ).
Answer :
As 1 atom of 14 C contains .
and the number of atoms in 14 C in 1 mole is atoms.
Therefore, the number of neutrons in 14g of 14 C in 1 mole .
The number of neutrons in :
.
Question 2.2 (ii) Find (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of 14 C. (Assume that mass of a neutron = 1.675 × 10 kg).
Answer :
As the mass of one neutron is .
Then the mass of total neutrons in 7grams of 14 C:
.
Question 2.2 (iii) Find (a) the total number of protons in 34 mg of NH 3 at STP.
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed ?
Answer :
1 mole of ammonia .
and 1 atom of contains .
Therefore, the number of protons in 1 mole of .
Number of protons in 3mg of :
No, there will be no effect of temperature and pressure.
Question 2.2 (iii) Find (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH 3 at STP.
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed?
Answer :
As the mass of one proton is
Therefore, the mass of will be:
No, there will be no effect of temperature and pressure.
Question 2.3(i) How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
Answer :
Given the nucleus of carbon:
Atomic number (Z) = 6
Mass number (A) = 13
Number of protons (Z) = 6
Number of neutrons (A-Z) = 13-6 = 7
Question 2.3(ii) How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
Answer :
Given the nucleus of oxygen:
Atomic number (Z) = 8
Mass number (A) = 16
Number of protons (Z) = 8
Number of neutrons (A-Z) = 16-8 = 8
2.3 How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
Edit Q
Question 2.3(iii) How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
Answer :
Given the nucleus of Magesium:
Atomic number (Z) = 12
Mass number (A) = 24
Number of protons (Z) = 12
Number of neutrons (A-Z) = 24-12 = 12
Question 2.3(iv) How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
Answer :
Given the nucleus of Iron:
Atomic number (Z) = 26
Mass number (A) = 56
Number of protons (Z) = 26
Number of neutrons (A-Z) = 56-26 = 30
Question 2.3(v) How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
Answer :
Given the nucleus of Strontium:
Atomic number (Z) = 38
Mass number (A) = 88
Number of protons (Z) = 38
Number of neutrons (A-Z) = 88-38 = 50
Question 2.4 Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)
(i) Z = 17 , A = 35.
Answer :
For the given atomic number Z=17 and mass number A=35;
Atom is .
Question 2.4 Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)
(ii) Z = 92 , A = 233.
Answer :
For the given atomic number Z=92 and mass number A=233;
Atom is .
Question 2.4 Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)
(iii) Z = 4 , A = 9.
Answer :
For the given atomic number Z=4 and mass number A=9;
Atom is .
Question 2.5 Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength ( ) of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency (ν) and wavenumber ( ) of the yellow light.
Answer :
Given the wavelength of the yellow light emitted from a sodium, lamp is .
And the frequency will be:
Therefore the wavenumber,
Question 2.6 Find energy of each of the photons which
(i) correspond to light of frequency .
Answer :
If a photon has a frequency of .
Then, the energy of each of the photons will be:
Question 2.6 Find energy of each of the photons which
(ii) have wavelength of 0.50 Å.
Answer :
For the wavelength .
The energy of each of the photons will be:
Question 2.7 Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wavenumber of a light wave whose period is .
Answer :
Given frequency, wavelength, and the wave number of a light wave:
Question 2.8 What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1J of energy?
Answer :
Given the wavelength of light .
and Energy is 1J of energy:
Therefore, the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provides 1J of energy is:
Question 2.9(i) A photon of wavelength strikes on metal surface, the work function of the metal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (i) the energy of the photon (eV)
Answer :
The photon is having a wavelength of strikes on a metal surface, where the work function of the metal being is .
So, Energy of the photon:
Answer :
The photon is having a wavelength of strikes on a metal surface, where the work function of the metal being is .
The kinetic energy of the emission will be:
Answer :
The photon is having a wavelength of strikes on a metal surface, where the work function of the metal being is .
From the previous part, we have the Kinetic Energy (K.E.):
Answer :
Given the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation is which is just sufficient to ionize the sodium atom.
So, the ionization energy required will be:
Question 2.11 A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57μm. Calculate the rate of emission of quanta per second.
Answer :
Given that the light is monochromatic yellow of wavelength .
Hence the energy emitted by the bulb will be:
Therefore, the number of photons emitted per second:
Answer :
Given the wavelength of radiation is .
But the electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radiation. That means the kinetic energy will be zero .
So, the Threshold frequency will be:
and the Work function will be:
Answer :
When an electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from an energy level with to an energy level , there will be an emission of energy whose wavelength can be found by:
and wavelength will be equal to:
Answer :
The energy which is required to ionize an H atom if the electron occupies n=5 orbit is:
For ionization from 5th orbit,
Therefore,
For ionization from 1st orbit,
Therefore,
Hence, 25 times less energy is required to ionize an electron in the 5th orbital of the hydrogen atom as compared to that in the ground state.
Question 2.15 What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of a H atom in n = 6 drops to the ground state?
Answer :
The number of lines produced when an electron from shell drops to the ground state:
.
According to the question, the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of an H atom in drops to the ground state will be:
These are produced because of the following transitions:
Question 2.16 (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is . What is the energy associated with the fifth orbit?
Answer :
The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is
The energy of an electron in shell is given by:
So, the energy associated with the fifth orbit would be:
Question 2.16 (ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
Answer :
The radius of Bohr's orbit for the hydrogen atom is given by,
So, for we have
Question 2.17 Calculate the wavenumber for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
Answer :
Balmer formula:
As we can note from the formula that the wavenumber is inversely proportional to the wavelength.
Hence, for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen wavenumber has to be the smallest or should be minimum i.e., .
For the Balmer series,
Thus, the expression of wavenumber is given by,
Question 2.18 What is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to the ground state? The ground state electron energy is .
Answer :
The ground state energy:
The energy required to shift the electron from the first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit is:
And the expression for the energy of an electron is given by:
where m is mass of an electron, Z is the atomic mass of an atom, e is a charge of an electron, and h is the Planck's constant.
Now, substituting the values in the equation, we get
Hence, the wavelength of the emitted light will be:
Question 2.19 The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by . Calculate the energy required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength of light in cm that can be used to cause this transition?
Answer :
The expression for the energy of an electron in hydrogen is:
Where m is mass of electrons, Z is the atomic mass of an atom, e is the charge of an electron, and h is the Planck's constant.
and electron energy in the hydrogen atom is given by,
The electron energy in orbit is:
Therefore, the energy required for the ionization from is
Now, the longest wavelength of light that can be used to cause this transition will be:
Question 2.20 Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of .
Answer :
The wavelength of an electron is given by the de Broglie's equation:
Where,
is the wavelength of moving particle,
m is the mass of the particle, i.e.,
v is the velocity of the particle,i.e., ( Given)
and h is the Planck's constant value, i.e.,
Now, substituting the values in the equation, we get
Hence, the wavelength of the electron moving with a velocity of is .
Question 2.21 The mass of an electron is If its K.E. is , calculate its wavelength.
Answer :
The wavelength of an electron can be found by de Broglie's equation:
Given the K.E. of electron which is equal to .
Hence we get,
Hence the wavelength is given by,
Question 2.22 Which of the following are isoelectronic species i.e., those having the same number of electrons?
Answer :
Calculating the number of electrons for each species.
has 11 electrons then, will have electrons.
has 19 electrons then, will have electrons.
has 12 electrons then, will have electrons.
has 20 electrons then, will have electrons.
has 16 electrons then, will have electrons.
has 18 electrons.
Hence, the following are isoelectronic species:
having 10 electrons each.
having 18 electrons each.
Question : 2.23 (i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ion:
(a)
Answer :
The electronic configuration of is :
Now, the electronic configuration of will be .
Question 2.23 (i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ion :
(b)
Answer :
The electronic configuration of having is :
Now, the electronic configuration of will be .
Question 2.23 (i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ion :
(c)
Answer :
The electronic configuration of having is :
Now, the electronic configuration of will be .
Question 2.23 (ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented by
(a)
Answer :
With given outermost electrons ,
The complete electronic configuration is
Hence the number of electrons present in the atom of the element is:
.
Therefore, the atomic number of the element is which is Sodium (Na) .
Question 2.23 (ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented by
(b)
Answer :
With given outermost electrons ,
The complete electronic configuration is
Hence the number of electrons present in the atom of the element is:
.
Therefore, the atomic number of the element is 7 which is NItrogen (N) .
Question 2.23 (ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented by
(c)
Answer :
With given outermost electrons ,
The complete electronic configuration is
Hence the number of electrons present in the atom of the element is:
.
Therefore, the atomic number of the element is 17 which is Chlorine (Cl) .
Question 2.23 (iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?
(a)
Answer :
The electronic configuration of the element is or
Therefore, the atomic number of the element is 3 which is Lithium , a p-block element.
Question 2.23 (iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?
(b)
Answer :
The electronic configuration of the element is or
Therefore, the atomic number of the element is 15 which is Phosphorus , a p-block element.
Question 2.23 (iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?
(c)
Answer :
The electronic configuration of the element is or
Therefore, the atomic number of the element is 21 which is Scandium , a d-block element.
Question 2.24 What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist?
Answer :
For g-orbital, the value of Azimuthal quantum number (l) will be 4.
As for any value 'n' of the principal quantum number, the Azimuthal quantum number (l) can have a value from zero to (n-1).
Therefore, for l =4, the minimum value of n should be 5.
Question 2.25 An electron is in one of the 3 d orbitals. Give the possible values of n , l and m l for this electron.
Answer :
For d-orbital, the value of Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 2.
When l =2, the values of m are:
Now, for the 3d orbital:
The value of Principal quantum number,
Azimuthal quantum number,
Magnetic quantum number, =
Question 2.26(i) An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce (i) the number of protons
Answer :
Given an atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons.
Now, for an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Therefore, the number of protons in the atom of the given element will be 29 .
Question 2.26(ii) An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce (ii) the electronic configuration of the element.
Answer :
Given an atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons.
The electronic configuration of the atom will be:
which is the electronic configuration of copper .
Question 2.27 Give the number of electrons in the species , and
Answer :
The number of electrons in molecule is .
The number of electrons in molecule will be one less than the number of electrons in molecule. i.e, .
The number of electrons present in molecule will be one less than the number of electrons present in molecule. i.e.,
Question 2.28 (i) An atomic orbital has n = 3 . What are the possible values of l and m l ?
Answer :
For a given value of the principal quantum number , the azimuthal quantum number can have values from to .
Therefore, for given atomic orbital ,
The value of can take values from to , i.e., .
And for a given value of , the Magnetic quantum number can have values.
When value of then, ,
or then,
or then,
or then,
Question 2.28 (ii) List the quantum numbers ( m l and l ) of electrons for 3d orbital.
Answer :
For 3d-orbital, the values of Principal quantum number is and Azimuthal quantum number .
Therefore, for ,
, magnetic quantum number can have values.
i.e.,
Question 2.28 (iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible?
1p , 2s , 2p and 3f
Answer :
is NOT possible because for , the value of is zero.
is possible because, when . .
is possible because when . .
is NOT possible because for , the value of .
Question 2.29 Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
(a)
Answer :
Here, is principal quantum number and is azimuthal quantum number.
Then the orbital with given quantum numbers is which can have a maximum of 2 electrons.
Question 2.29 Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
(b)
Answer :
Here, is principal quantum number and is azimuthal quantum number.
Then the orbital with given quantum numbers is which can have a maximum of 6 electrons.
Question 2.29 Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
(c)
Answer :
Here, is principal quantum number and is azimuthal quantum number.
Then the orbital with given quantum numbers is which can have a maximum of 10 electrons.
Question 2.29 Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
(d)
Answer :
Here, is principal quantum number and is azimuthal quantum number.
Then the orbital with given quantum numbers is which can have a maximum of 14 electrons.
Question 2.30 (a) Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.
Answer :
Given quantum numbers :
NOT possible, because n cannot be equal to zero.
Question 2.30 (b) Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.
Answer :
Given quantum numbers :
It is possible and it is 1s orbital.
Question 2.30 (c) Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.
Answer :
Given quantum numbers :
It is NOT possible because when .
Question 2.30 (d) Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.
Answer :
Given quantum numbers :
It is possible and it is 2p orbital.
Question 2.30 (e) Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.
Answer :
Given quantum numbers :
It is NOT possible because when , .
Question 2.30 (f) Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.
Answer :
Given quantum numbers :
It is possible and it is 3p orbital.
Question 2.31 How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?
(a)
Answer :
The total number of electrons in an atom for a value of n is given by:
Therefore, the total no. of electrons when ,
and half of them i.e. 16 will have .
Question 2.31 How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?
(b)
Answer :
When then it is orbital which can have 2 electrons .
Answer :
According to the Bohr's postulate of angular momentum,
which can be written as: .....................................(1)
Then according to de Broglie's equation for wavelength,
......................................(2)
Now, substituting the values of equation (2) in equation (1) we get,
Thus, the circumference of the Bohr's orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie's wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.
Question 2.33 What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of spectrum?
Answer :
For the transition of H-like particles,
For transition spectrum,
, , and
Therefore,
Then for the hydrogen spectrum,
and
Therefore,
The values of can be found by the hit and trial method in the above equation.
So, we get and , i.e., the transition is from to .
Question 2.34 Calculate the energy required for the process
The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is
Answer :
For the hydrogen-like particles,
For H-atom, Ionization energy:
For the given process, the energy required will be:
Question 2.35 If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be placed side by side in a straight line across length of scale of length 20 cm long.
Answer :
Given the diameter of a carbon atom which is
Then the number of carbon atoms which can be placed side by side in a straight line across the length of the scale of length long will be:
Question 2.36 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom if the length of this arrangement is 2.4 cm.
Answer :
The arrangement length is given which is .
and the number of atoms of carbon which are arranged in this length is given .
Let the radius of carbon atom be then,
or
Hence the radius of carbon atom is .
Question 2.37 The diameter of zinc atom is 2.6 Å. Calculate (a) radius of zinc atom in pm
Answer :
If the diameter of zinc atom is then, its radius would be:
Answer :
The number of atoms present in a length of will be:
Question 2.38 A certain particle carries of static electric charge. Calculate the number of electrons present in it.
Answer :
As the charge carried by one electron is
Therefore, the number of electrons present in particle carrying charge will be:
Question 2.39 In Milikan’s experiment, static electric charge on the oil drops has been obtained by shining X-rays. If the static electric charge on the oil drop is , calculate the number of electrons present on it.
Answer :
Given charge on the oil drop is
and the charge carried by one electron is
Therefore, the number of electrons present on the oil drop carrying charge is:
Question 2.40 In Rutherford’s experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum etc. have been used to be bombarded by the α-particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like aluminium etc. is used, what difference would be observed from the above results?
Answer :
The thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum, etc. have a nucleus carrying a large amount of positive charge. Therefore, some particles will easily get deflected back.
These particles also deflect through small angles because of the large number of a positive charge.
Hence if we use light atoms, their nuclei will have a small positive charge, hence the number of particles getting deflected even through small angles will be negligible.
Question 2.41 Symbols and can be written, whereas symbols and are not acceptable. Answer briefly.
Answer :
The general way to represent an element along with its atomic mass (A) and atomic number (Z) is . Here the atomic number of an element is fixed. However, its mass number is not fixed as it depends upon the isotope taken.
Hence, it is essential to indicate the mass number.
Question 2.42 An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the atomic symbol.
Answer :
Let the number of protons of an atom be .
Then the number of neutrons will be,
and the mass number is (Given).
Mass number = number of neutrons + number of protons.
Therefore,
Thus, there are numbers of protons which is also its atomic number.
Hence, the symbol for the element is .
Question 2.43 An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of negative charge. If the ion contains 11.1% more neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
Answer :
Given an ion has mass number 37 and possesses one unit of negative charge.
Let the number of electrons be then,
the number of neutrons will be:
The number of electrons in the neutral atom (ion possesses one unit of negative charge).
Therefore, the number of protons will be .
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
therefore,
Therefore, the number of protons is equal to the atomic number.
Hence, the symbol for an ion will be:
Question 2.44 An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than electrons. Assign the symbol to this ion.
Answer :
Given an ion has mass number 56 and possesses three units of negative charge.
Let the number of electrons be then,
the number of neutrons will be:
The number of electrons in the neutral atom (ion possesses three units of positive charge).
Therefore, the number of protons will be .
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
therefore,
Therefore, the number of protons is equal to the atomic number.
Hence, the symbol for an ion will be:
Answer :
The increasing order of frequency of radiations will be:
Radiation from FM radio < amber light from traffic signal < radiation from microwave oven < X-rays < cosmic rays from outer space.
Answer :
The energy emitted by the nitrogen laser is:
Question 2.47 Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate (a) the frequency of emission,
Answer:
The wavelength of neon gas is or
Hence the frequency of this radiation will be:
Answer :
The velocity of neon gas radiation is .
Therefore, the distance travelled in will be:
Question 2.47 Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate (c) energy of quantum
Answer :
The energy of quantum will be:
Answer :
If it produces 2J of energy then, the number of quanta present in it will be .
Therefore,
or ,
Where and from the previous part.
Question 2.48 In astronomical observations, signals observed from the distant stars are generally weak. If the photon detector receives a total of from the radiations of 600 nm, calculate the number of photons received by the detector.
Answer :
Let the number of photons received by the detector be .
Then, the total energy it receives from the radiation of will be:
Or
Where,
,
,
and
Substituting the values in the equation above, we get
number of photons is received by the detector.
Question 2.49 Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured by using pulsed radiation source of duration nearly in the nano second range. If the radiation source has the duration of 2 ns and the number of photons emitted during the pulse source is , calculate the energy of the source.
Answer :
Given the duration of a radiation source and the number of pulse source is , then its frequency will be:
and the energy of the source for the given frequency will be:
Answer :
We have two wavelengths of and .
Calculating the frequency for each:
Therefore, the energy difference between two excited states will be:
Question 2.51 The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) the threshold wavelength
Answer :
Given the work function for the Caesium atom is .
i.e., Or
As
Therefore, the threshold wavelength is 6.53× 10 -7 m.
Question 2.51 The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (b) the threshold frequency of the radiation.
Answer :
To find threshold frequency:
Where
h = Planck’s constant
= threshold frequency
Answer :
Finding the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons:
K.E of the ejected photoelectron:
Finding the Velocity of the ejected electrons:
Where,
= mass of electron
= velocity of electron
Therefore, the velocity is given by,
Question 2.52 Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different wavelengths. Calculate (a) threshold wavelength
Answer :
Let us assume the threshold wavelength to be and the kinetic energy of the radiation is given as:
.................................(1)
Similarly, we can also write,
...................................(2)
...................................(3)
Now, dividing the equations (3) with (1),
Therefore, the wavelength is .
Question 2.52 Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different wavelengths. Calculate (b) Planck’s constant.
Answer :
We have the threshold wavelength.
Then substituting this value in any of the equation ( look in the previous part), we get
Taking the mass of an electron to be .
approximately.
Question 2.53 The ejection of the photoelectron from the silver metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when the radiation 256.7 nm is used. Calculate the work function for silver metal.
Answer:
Given work function of the metal, and the Wavelength,
From the Law of conservation of energy, the energy of an incident photon E is equal to the sum of the work function W of radiation and its kinetic energy K.E i.e.,
The energy of incident radiation
Or
Since the potential applied gives the kinetic energy to the radiation, therefore K.E of the electron
Therefore, Work Function
Question 2.54: If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of it's inner bound electrons is ejected out with a velocity of , calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.
Answer :
Given the wavelength of a photon which strikes an atom is .
Then the energy associated with this photon will be:
Given the velocity of ejected inner bounded electron: .
Then, the energy associated with this electron will be, Kinetic energy.
Hence finding
Where
m = mass of electron, v = velocity of electron
Hence the energy with which the electrons are bounded to the nucleus is:
Answer :
Given transition in the Paschen series end at orbit and starts from orbit n: .........................(1)
.........................(2)
Equating both (1) and (2) equations: we get
Therefore, the radiation corresponding to 1285 nm lies in the infrared region .
Answer :
The radius of orbit of H-like particles is given by:
Or
Here, starting radius,
Ending radius,
Therefore,
If and , then the transition is from orbit to orbit.
Therefore, it belongs to the Balmer Series .
Frequency is given by:
Wavelength :
.
Therefore, it lies in the visible range.
Question 2.57 Dual behaviour of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron microscope often used for the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other type of material. If the velocity of the electron in this microscope is , calculate de Broglie wavelength associated with this electron.
Answer :
According to de- Broglie's equation for the wavelength.
Given the velocity of electron
and mass of electron
So, the wavelength will be:
or
Answer :
Given the wavelength of neutron:
and the mass of neutron
So, According to the de-Broglie's equation,
Substituting the values in above equation:
Question 2.59 If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is , calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with it.
Answer :
Given the velocity of the electron in Bohr's first orbit is .
And we know the mass of electron which is
Hence the de-Broglie's wavelength associated with the electron will be:
Answer :
Given a proton is moving with velocity .
And if the hockey ball of mass is also moving with the same velocity, then
According to de-Broglie's equation we have,
Answer :
We have given the uncertainty in position, i.e., .
According to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle:
Where,
is uncertainty in the position of the electron.
is uncertainty in the momentum of the electron.
Then,
Or
The actual momentum of the electron:
Therefore, it cannot be defined because the actual magnitude of the momentum is smaller than the uncertainty.
Question 2.62 The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of increasing energies. If any of these combination(s) has/have the same energy lists:
Answer :
Quantum number provides the entire information about an electron of a particular atom.
Principal quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number
Magnetic quantum number
Spin quantum number .
The orbitals occupied by the electrons are:
1. 4d-orbital
2. 3d-orbital
3. 4p-orbital
4. 3d-orbital
5. 3p-orbital
6. 4p-orbital
For the same orbitals, electrons will have the same energy and higher the value of value higher is the energy.
Therefore, the increasing order of energies:
Answer :
As the p-orbital is farthest from the nucleus hence the electrons in (4p)subshell experiences the lowest effective nuclear charge.
Question 2.64 Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the larger effective nuclear charge? (i) 2s and 3s
Answer :
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of an atom exerted by the nucleus of the atom.
Closer orbitals experience more nuclear charge than outer orbitals.
Therefore, (i) 2s and 3s
The 2s orbital is more closer to the nucleus than 3s orbital hence 2s will experience a larger effective nuclear charge compared to 3s.
Question 2.64 Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the larger effective nuclear charge? (ii) 4d and 4f
Answer :
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of an atom exerted by the nucleus of the atom.
Closer orbitals experience more nuclear charge than outer orbitals.
Therefore, (ii) 4d and 4f
The 4d orbital is more closer to the nucleus than 4f orbital hence 4d will experience a larger effective nuclear charge compared to 4f.
Question 2.64 Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the larger effective nuclear charge? (iii) 3d and 3p
Answer :
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of an atom exerted by the nucleus of the atom.
Closer orbitals experience more nuclear charge than outer orbitals.
Therefore, (ii) 3d and 3p
The 3p orbital is more closer to the nucleus than 3d orbital hence 3p will experience a larger effective nuclear charge compared to 3d.
Answer :
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of an atom exerted by the nucleus of the atom.
Silicon has a greater nuclear charge than aluminium .
Hence, the effective nuclear charge exerted on the unpaired 3p electron of silicon would be greater as compared to that of aluminium.
Question 2.66 Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in:
(a) P
Answer :
The electronic configuration of P: .
Hence, the number of unpaired electrons are 3 in 3p orbital.
Question 2.66 Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :
(b) Si
Answer :
The electronic configuration of Si : .
Hence, the number of unpaired electrons are 2 in orbital.
Question 2.66 Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :
(c) Cr
Answer :
The electronic configuration of Cr : .
Hence, the number of unpaired electrons are 6 (1 in 4s and 5 in 3d) .
Question 2.66 Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :
(d) Fe
Answer :
The electronic configuration of Fe : .
Hence, the number of unpaired electrons are 4 (in 3d ) .
Question 2.66 Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :
(e) Kr
Answer :
As Krypton (Kr) is a noble gas whose atomic number is 36 and have all orbitals filled.
Hence, there are no unpaired electrons in Kr element.
Question 2.67 (a) How many subshells are associated with n = 4?
Answer :
For a given value of , can have values from to .
Therefore, for ,
can have values from to .
i.e., .
Thus, four subshells are associated with , which are
Question 2.67 (b) How many electrons will be present in the subshells having m s value of –1/2 for n = 4 ?
Answer :
The number of orbitals in the shell is equal to .
So, for , there are orbitals present.
As each orbital has one electron with spin .
Hence, there will be electrons with .
Topics of NCERT Chapter 2 Chemistry class 11
2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles
2.2 Atomic Models
2.3 Developments Leading to the Bohr’s Model of Atom
2.4 Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
2.5 Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
2.6 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
More About Structure of Atom Class 11 NCERT Chemistry Book Chapter 2
The rich diversity of chemical behavior of various elements can be discovered to the differences in the internal structure of atoms of these elements. This chapter starts with some experimental observations made by scientists towards the end of 19th and beginning of the 20th century. According to these observations, atoms are made of sub-atomic particles, such that protons, electrons and neutrons. This concept is very different from Dalton's atomic theory. NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 2 Structure of Atom has covered all the topic wise answers as well as the exercise answers.
After completing NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 2 Structure of Atom, students will be able to know about the discovery of proton, electron and neutron; describe Rutherford, Thomson and Bohr atomic models; understand nature of Planck's quantum theory and electromagnetic radiation; explain the photoelectric effect; state the de Broglie relation and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Structure of Atom Class 11 Chemistry chapter also explains atomic orbitals in terms of quantum numbers, Pauli exclusion principle, Aufbau principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity and at the end of chapter students will learn how to write the electronic configurations of atoms.
NCERT solutions for class 11 chemistry
Chapter 1 | |
Chapter-2 | Structure of Atom |
Chapter-3 | |
Chapter-4 | |
Chapter-5 | |
Chapter-6 | |
Chapter-7 | |
Chapter-8 | |
Chapter-9 | |
Chapter-10 | |
Chapter-11 | |
Chapter-12 | |
Chapter-13 | |
Chapter-14 |
NCERT solutions for class 11 subject wise
Benefits of NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure of Atom
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The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.
Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.
A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.
Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.
Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.
The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction.
The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions.
How fascinating it is to represent the whole world on just a piece of paper or a sphere. With the help of maps, we are able to represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Individuals who opt for a career as a cartographer are those who make maps. But, cartography is not just limited to maps, it is about a mixture of art, science, and technology. As a cartographer, not only you will create maps but use various geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems to measure, analyse, and create different maps for political, cultural or educational purposes.
Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
An Investment Banking career involves the invention and generation of capital for other organizations, governments, and other entities. Individuals who opt for a career as Investment Bankers are the head of a team dedicated to raising capital by issuing bonds. Investment bankers are termed as the experts who have their fingers on the pulse of the current financial and investing climate. Students can pursue various Investment Banker courses, such as Banking and Insurance, and Economics to opt for an Investment Banking career path.
An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.
Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.
An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.
Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.
Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities.
Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.
Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.
Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.
A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability.
Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.
A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.
Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.
An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.
The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.
The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.
For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.
Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.
Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.
Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.
Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.
A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.
The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.
In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning).
Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian.
The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
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A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
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Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
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Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
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