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  • Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose components cannot be separated by fractional distillation?

Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose components cannot be separated by fractional distillation? How many types of such mixtures are there?

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Azeotropes are solutions which have the same compositions of components in both the liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temperature. The components cannot be separated by fractional distillation as they have the same boiling point. There are two types of azeotropes

  1. Minimum boiling azeotropes: They show large positive deviation from Raoult’s law (A-B interactions are weaker than A-A and B-B interactions), e.g., ethanol-water mixture
  2. Maximum boiling azeotropes: They show large negative deviation from Raoult’s law (A-B interactions are stronger than A-A and B-B interactions) e.g., solution having composition 68% HNO3 and 32% water by mass.

 

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