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  • Assertion (A) : Nitration of benzene with nitric acid requires the use of concentrated sulphuric acid. Reason (R) : The mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid produces the electrophile, NO-2^+ .

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) followed by a statement of reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.

Assertion (A): Nitration of benzene with nitric acid requires the use of concentrated sulphuric acid.
Reason (R): The mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid produces the electrophile, NO_{2}^{+} .
(i) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) Both A and R are not correct.
(iv) A is not correct but R is correct.

Answers (1)

(i) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation: During nitration, benzene is treated with the nitrating mixture, viz., Conc. HNO_{3} and H_{2}SO_{4}. H_{2}SO_{4} helps in furnishing the electrophile, i.e., NO_{2}^{+}.

H_{2}SO_{4}+HNO_{3}\underset{H_{2}O}{\rightarrow}NO_{2}^{+}+HSO_{3}^{-}

The nitro group is a strong deactivator, which means it slows down electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions. For example, to further nitrate nitrobenzene, you need to use stronger conditions, such as raising the temperature to 100°C and using fuming nitric acid instead of concentrated nitric acid. 

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