Q. 2. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently?
In Mandel's one of the experiments, he crossed the Pure breeding Tall plants having round seed with Short plants having wrinkled seed. here he found some of the new traits like Tall plants having wrinkled seeds and Short plants having round seeds.
Tall and Round + Short and Wrinkled = Tall and Round + Tall and Wrinkled +Short and Wrinkled + Short and Round
( Previous Trait) (New Trait) (Previous Trait ) (New Trait)
Those new traits would not have been there if traits were inherently dependent.
And hence he concluded that traits are inherited independently.
Some F2 progeny of pea plants bred showing two different characters showed new mixtures. They had new combinations of characters.
For example, in a cross between tall with round seeds and dwarf with wrinkled seeds - some F2 progeny was tall but with wrinkled seeds while others were dwarf (short) with round seeds. Thus, the tall/short trait and round seed/wrinkled seed trait are inherited independently.