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Different types of excretory structures and animals are given below. Match them appropriately and mark the correct answer from among those given below:

Excretory structure/ organ

Animals

A.

Protonephridia

(i)

Prawn

B.

Nephridia

(ii)

Cockroach

C.

Malpighian tubules

(iii)

Earthworm

D.

Green gland or Antennal gland

(iv)

Flatworms

 

Options:
(a) D—(i), (C)—(ii), B—(iii), A—(iv)
(b) B— (i), (C)—(ii), A—(iii), B—(iv)
(c) D—(i), (C)—(ii), A—(iii), B-(iv)
(d) B—(i), (C)—(ii), B—(iii), D—(iv)

The answer is the option (a) D – (i), C – (ii), B – (iii), A – (iv)

Protonephridia, also known as flame cells, are excretory structures found in rotifers, certain annelids, the cephalochordate Amphioxus, and Platyhelminthes (flatworms, such as Planaria).

Earthworms and other annelids have tubular excretory organs called nephridia.

The excretory structures of the majority of insects, including cockroaches, are called Malpighian tubules.

In crustaceans such as prawns, the excretory function is carried out by the green or antennal glands.
 

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Which one of the following is also known as antidiuretic hormone?
(a) Oxytocin (b) Vasopressin (c) Adrenaline (d) Calcitonin

The answer is the option b) Vasopressin
Explanation:
The water from the end parts of the tubule is made possible through vasopressin. This process prevents the diuresis and hence is called an antidiuretic hormone.

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Match the terms given in Column I with their physiological processes given in Column II and choose the correct answer

Column I

Column II

A.

Proximal convoluted tubule

(i)

Formation of concentrated urine

B.

Distal convoluted tubule

(ii)

Filtration of blood

C.

Henle’s loop

(iii)

Reabsorption of 70-80% of electrolytes

D.

Counter-current mechanism

(iv)

Ionic balance

E.

Renal corpuscle

(v)

Maintenance of concentration gradient in medulla

Options:

(a) A—(iii), B—(v), C—(iv), D—(ii), E—(i)
(b) A—(iii), B—(iv), C—(i), D—(v), E—(ii)
(c) A—(i), B—(iii), C—(ii), D—(v), E—(iv)
(d) A—(iii), B—(i), C—(iv), D—(v), E—(ii)

The answer is the option (b) A – (iii), B – (iv), C – (i), D – (v), E – (ii)

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Match the abnormal conditions given in Column A with their explanations given in Column B and choose the correct option.

Column A

Column B

A.

Glycosuria

(i)

Accumulation of uric acid in joints

B.

Renal calculi

(ii)

Inflammation in glomeruli

C.

Glomerulonephritis

(iii)

Mass of crystallised salts within the kidney

D.

Gout

(iv)

Presence of glucose in the urine

 

Options:
(a) A—(i), B—(iii), C—(ii), D—(iv)
(b) A—(iii), B—(ii), C—(iv), D—(i)
(c) A—(iv), B—(iii), C—(ii), D—(i)
(d) A—(iv), B—(ii), C—(iii), D—(i)

The answer is the option (c) A – (iv), B – (iii), C – (ii), D – (i)

Glycosuria
The presence of glucose in the urine is referred to as glycosuria. It is a sign that you have diabetes.

Renal calculi

Hard deposits of minerals and salts that develop inside the kidneys are known as renal calculi or kidney stones. Usually composed of magnesium and calcium oxalates.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli, which are kidney structures composed of microscopic blood arteries, is known as glomerulonephritis (GN).

Gout

Gout is a condition where high blood uric acid levels (hyperuricemia) cause deposits of uric acid crystals to build up in the joints.
 

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Dialysing unit (artificial kidney) contains a fluid which is almost same as plasma except that it has
(a) High glucose
(b) High urea
(c) No urea
(d) High uric acid

The answer is the option (c) No urea

A mixture of pure water, electrolytes, and salts like sodium and bicarbonate is known as dialysis fluid or dialysate. The fluid in the dialysing unit is identical to plasma, with the exception that it includes a lot of urea, which will be eliminated during the procedure.

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We can produce concentrated/dilute urine. This is facilitated by a special mechanism. Identify the mechanism.
(a) Reabsorption from PCT
(b) Reabsorption from collecting duct
(c) Reabsorption/secretion in DCT
(d) Counter current mechanism in Henley & loop/Vasa recta

The answer is the option (d) Counter current mechanism in Henle's loop/Vasa recta
Explanation:
The two limbs of Henle's loop, as well as the vasa recta, witness counter currents when we move towards the descending limb the concentration increases whereas it is diluted as we move towards the ascending limb.

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The condition of accumulation of urea in the blood is termed as

(a) Renal Calculi

(b) Glomerulonephritis

(c) Uremia

(d) Ketonuria

 The answer is the option (c) Uremia.
Explanation: Renal calculi is also commonly known as kidney stones. In contrast, the accumulation of ketone is known as ketonuria.

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Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

(a) The medullary zone of kidney is divided into a few conical masses called medullary pyramids projecting into the calyces.
(b) Inside the kidney the cortical region extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal pelvis
(c) Glomerulus along with Bowman's capsule is called the renal corpuscle

(d) Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron are situated in the cortical region of kidney

The answer is the option (b) Inside the kidney, the cortical region extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal pelvis.

The cortical area that lies between the medullary pyramids inside the kidney is known as the column of Bertini, not the renal pelvis.

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Which of the following pairs is wrong?
(a) Uricotelic — Birds (b) Ureotelic — Insects (c) Ammonotelic — Tadpole (d) Ureotelic — Elephant

The answer is the option (b) Ureotelic - Insects
Explanation: Insects are the ones who excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid and hence are uricotelic.

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Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Birds and land snails are uricotelic animals.
(b) Mammals and frogs are ureotelic animals.
(c) Aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic animals.
(d) Birds and reptiles are ureotelic.

The answer is the option (d) Birds and reptiles are ureotelic
Explanation: Birds and reptiles are uricotelic, i.e. they excrete the nitrogenous waste as uric acid.

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