(a) Why must bacterial cells be first made ‘competent’ in r-DNA technology ? How is the process carried ?
(b) Name the method by which an alien DNA can be made to enter (i) plant cell; (ii) animal cell.
(a)
Since DNA is hydrophilic, it cannot pass through cell membrane hence bacterial cell is made competent by treatment with a specific concentration of a divalent cation such as Ca++ which increase the efficiency of entry of DNA through the pores of the cell wall.
(b)
(i) Plants cell- biolistic / gene germs
(ii) Animal cells - Microinjection