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Location and function of placenta?

The placenta is located inside the uterus of the female body. Placenta remains attached to the wall of the uterus and a baby is attached to it through the umbilical cord.

Placenta provides nutrition and oxygen to the foetus and removes waste material away from the baby.

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Deependra Verma

Biological classification is a dynamic and ever-evolving phenomenon which keeps changing with our understanding of life forms. Justify the statement taking any two examples.

Ans. This is true that biological classification is a dynamic and ever-evolving phenomenon that keeps changing our understanding of life forms.
                    

Biological classification is forever changing. Initially, living beings were only categorised as animals and plants. This was on the basis of the morphological attributes. Then scientists figured out certain misleading information in the categorisation method and came up with better classifications. The five-kingdom theory is the most universally accepted theory in today's world. This theory by Whittaker classifies living beings on the basis of structural organisation and phylogenetic relationship; According to this theory; all prokaryotes are classified under one kingdom, i.e. Monera. Eukaryotes are classified into four kingdoms. All the photosynthetic autotrophs are categorised under the plant kingdom, and all the eukaryotic heterotrophs (without a cell wall) are classified as the animal kingdom. However, there are limitations in even this method of categorisation. For example, the chemosynthetic autotrophs are classified under the kingdom Protista. Lately, some scientists have also claimed that there should be three domains of life, and some have even proposed a Six-Kingdom categorisation.

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'Peat' is an important source of domestic fuel in several countries. How is 'peat' formed in nature?

Ans. Partially decayed and degenerated vegetation and organic matter accumulate to form peat. When plant substances present in generally wet areas do not decay completely due to acidic and anaerobic environment conditions, it leads to the formation of peat. This wetland vegetation is the main component of peat. The main producer of peat is Sphagnum. However, several other plants may also be included in the formation of peat. Most of the modern peat was formed in high latitudes when the glaciers retreated in the ice age.This phenomenon took place around 12,000 years back. Peat accumulates at a terribly slow rate of around 1 millimetre a year. Peat proves to be a major source of domestic fuel in several countries like Europe and America. It is also valuable in improving the fertility of the soil.

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infoexpert23

Make a list of algae and fungi that have commercial value as a source of food, chemicals, medicines, and fodder.

Following are some algae that have commercial importance: -

- Agar (taken from red algae Gelidium and Gracilaria) - Utilised as a culture
medium in the laboratory.
- Algin (taken from brown algae) carrageen (derived from red algae) -
Utilised as a gelling agent in food and medical dressing.
- Biofuels (derived from various types of algae) - Used in the production of
biofuels.
- Fertiliser (derived from various types of algae) - Utilised as a fertiliser in
several countries.
- Food (Taken from several species of Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum) -
These marine algae are consumed as food items. This occurs more in the
East Asian nations.
- Single-cell protein (Taken from Chlorella and Spirulina) - Many algae
have high quantities of protein and are utilised as food supplements.


Following are some fungi of commercial importance: -

- Medicine - Penicillium notatum is a fungus used for developing antibiotics of the penicillin group.
- Food processing - Yeast for centuries now has been used for fermentation. Alcoholic beverages and bakery items are produced due to the fermentation caused by yeast.
- Food - Different variations of Agaricus are consumed as food in several countries.
- Ripening of cheese - Different variations of fungi are utilized to ripe cheese.
- Spoilage of food - Rhizopus the mould usually found on stale bread is known to ruin many food items. For example, as found in stale bread, fruits and vegetables.

 

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Apart from chlorophyll, algae have several other pigments in their chloroplast. What pigments are found in blue-green, red, and brown algae that are responsible for their characteristic colours?

Ans. In the chloroplasts of algae, there are other pigments are present too other than chlorophyll.

- Chlorophyceae - They are Green algae. Contain Chlorophyll a, b and are green in colour.
- Phaeophyceae - They are Brown algae. Contain chlorophyll a, c,Fucoxanthin (A xanthophyll pigment) and are brown in colour.
- Rhodophyceae - They are Red algae. Contain Chlorophyll a, d, r-phycoerythrin and are Red in colour.

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Algae are known to reproduce asexually by a variety of spores under different environmental conditions. Name these spores and the conditions under which they are produced.

Ans. Algae procreate asexually with the help of various spores in different environmental conditions. These spores and the environmental conditions in which they are produced: -

Type of spore
Zoospores - They have thin walls, have flagellated motile spores as they contain flagella. They develop in favourable conditions and spread by wind.
Aplanospores - They have thin walls, have non-motile spores, and are equipped with flagella. They develop in unfavourable conditions.
Hypnospores - The spores are made up of thick cell walls to withstand unfavourable conditions. They develop in unfavourable conditions.

Akinetes -They develop from vegetative cells and are known to serve as resting cells. They develop in unfavourable conditions.
Statospores - They resemble akinetes and are found in diatoms. They develop in unfavourable conditions.

Neutral Spores In some algae, the protoplast of vegetative cells directly acts as spores known as neutral spores.

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Fungi are cosmopolitan, write the role of fungi in your daily life.

Ans. The role of fungi in our everyday life is as follows :
(i) Few fungi are used as food. e.g., Mushrooms.

(ii)Saprophytic fungi live on dead organic matter, breaking down complex substances into simpler forms that plants can absorb as nutrients.

(iii)They also offer strong pest resistance e.g., Empusa and Farinosa.

(iv) Yeast (Saccharomyces) helps in fermentation, thus used in alcohol and dough preparation.

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What observable features in Trypanosoma would make you classify it under kingdom Protista?

Prachi

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Prachi

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At a stage of their cycle, ascomycetes fungi produce the fruiting bodies like apothecium, perithecium or cleistothecium. How are these three types of fruiting bodies different from each other?

Ans. Ascocarp is the fruiting body of ascomycetes. This can be classified under three categories apothecium, perithecium, and cleistothecium. Apothecium is shaped like a saucer. Perithecium has the shape of a flask with a pore-like outlet, and cleistothecium is a closed structure with no outlet.

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Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria have been clubbed together in Eubacteria of kingdom Monera as per the "Five Kingdom Classification"even though the two are vastly different from each other. Is this grouping of the two types of taxa in the same kingdom justified? If so, why?

Ans. All the prokaryotes are classified under the kingdom Monera. Cyanobacteria as well as heterotrophic bacteria fall under prokaryotes and therefore are categorised under the same kingdom. The biggest difference between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria is nutrition. Therefore, this categorisation is justified.

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