One of the notable features of transition elements is the great variety of oxidation states these may show in their compounds.
The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation states occur in or near the middle of the series. Manganese, for example, exhibits all the oxidation states from +2 to +7. The lesser number of oxidation states at the extreme ends stems from either too few electrons to lose or share (Sc, Ti) or too many d electrons (hence fewer orbitals available in which to share electrons with others) for higher valence (Cu, Zn). Thus, early in the series scandium(II) is virtually unknown and titanium (IV) is more stable than Ti(III) or Ti(II). At the other end, the only oxidation state of zinc is +2 (no d electrons are involved). The maximum oxidation states of reasonable stability correspond in value to the sum of the s and d electrons upto manganese (TiIV O2, VVO2+, CrV1O42–, MnVIIO4–) followed by a rather abrupt decrease in stability of higher oxidation states, so that the typical species to follow are FeII,III, CoII,III, NiII, CuI,II, ZnII.
The variability of oxidation states, a characteristic of transition elements, arises out of incomplete filling of d orbitals in such a way that their oxidation states differ from each other by unity, e.g., VII, VIII,VIV, VV. This is in contrast with the variability of oxidation states of non transition elements where oxidation states normally differ by a unit of two.
An interesting feature in the variability of oxidation states of the d–block elements is noticed among the groups. Although in the p–block the lower oxidation states are favoured by the heavier members (due to inert pair effect), the opposite is true in the groups of d-block. For example, in group 6, Mo(VI) and W(VI) are found to be more stable than Cr(VI). Thus Cr(VI) in the form of dichromate in acidic medium is a strong oxidising agent, whereas MoO3 and WO3 are not.
Low oxidation states are found when a complex compound has ligands capable of π-acceptor character in addition to the σ-bonding. For example, in Ni(CO)4 and Fe(CO)5, the oxidation state of nickel and iron is zero.
Exam | Chapter |
JEE MAIN | d - and f - BLOCK ELEMENTS |
Which one of the following exhibits the largest number of oxidation states?
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The element that usually does NOT show variable oxidation states is:
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The metal that gives hydrogen gas upon treatment with both acid, as well as base, is :
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The electrode potential of 3-d series elements shows the positive value for:
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are known when x and y are:
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The common positive oxidation states for an element with atomic number 24, are :
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The oxidation states of transition metal atoms in and
, respectively are X, Y and Z , the sum of X, Y and Z is ___________
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Among the following which is the strongest oxidizing agent?
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The correct order of following metal oxides, according to their oxidation numbers is :
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The nature of oxides is indexed as
type respectively. The correct set of
is :
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Which of the following arrangements does not represent the correct order of the property stated against it ?
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Iron exhibits + 2 and +3 oxidation states. Which of the following statements about iron is incorrect ?
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The spin-only magnetic moment value of $\mathrm{M}^{3+}$ ion (in gaseous state) from the pairs $\mathrm{Cr}^{3+} / \mathrm{Cr}^{2+}, \mathrm{Mn}^{3+} / \mathrm{Mn}^{2+}, \mathrm{Fe}^{3+} / \mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{Co}^{3+} / \mathrm{Co}^{2+}$ that has negative standard electrode potential, is ____ B.M. [Nearest integer]
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Finely divided iron combines with CO to give
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Which of the following ions does not liberate hydrogen gas in reaction with dilute acids?
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The element with which of the following outer electron configuration may exhibit the largest number of oxidation states in its compounds :
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In context with the transition elements, which of the following statements is incorrect ?
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Of the following outer electronic configurations of atoms, the highest oxidation state is achieved by which one of them?
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The number of - electrons retained in
ions is
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The number of d-electrons in Fe2+(Z = 26) is not equal to the number of electrons in which one of the following ?
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Which one amongst the following are good oxidizing agents?
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
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The set of correct statements is :
(i) Manganese exhibits +7 oxidation state in its oxide.
(ii) Ruthenium and Osmium exhibit +8 oxidation in their oxides.
(iii) Sc shows +4 oxidation state which is oxidizing in nature.
(iv) Cr shows oxidising nature in +6 oxidation state.
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The correct order of basicity of oxides of vanadium is
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Highest oxidation state of Mn is exhibited in $\mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$. The correct statements about $\mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$ are
(A) Mn is tetrahedrally surrounded by oxygen atoms.
(B) Mn is octahedrally surrounded by oxygen atoms.
(C) Contains Mn-O-Mn bridge.
(D) Contains $\mathrm{Mn}-\mathrm{Mn}$ bond.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
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In ammonium – phosphomolybdate, the oxidation state of Mo is + _______
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In chromyl chloride, the number of d-electrons present on chromium is same as in (Given at no. of Ti : 22, V : 23, Cr : 24, Mn : 25, Fe : 26)
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Which halogen is known to cause the reaction given below:
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The sum of oxidation state of the metals in is___________
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Which of the following statements are correct ?
(A) The reduction potential for iron is greater than manganese
(B) The higher oxidation states of first row d-block elements get stabilized by oxide ion.
(C) Aqueous solution of can liberate hydrogen from dilute acid.
(D) Magnetic moment of is observed between 4.4-5.2 BM.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
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Why copper utensils become green if not cleaned for a long period of time?
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A metal X is not affected by acidic or alkaline conditions but blackens in air if kept for prolonged time. Its bromide is used extensively in photography. What is the X?
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Calomel on reaction with ammonium hydroxide produces a corrosive white solid X and another white solid Y. Y is reacted with CaO to obtain pungent gas Z. What is X, Y and Z?
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A brown compound X of Mn is reacted with HCl which releases a gas Y. Y is reacted with Excess to give an oily explosive liquid Z. What is X, Y and Z?
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A blue transition metal salt X reacts with in acidic medium and gives a black precipitate Y, which is insoluble in aqueous solution of
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Which sulphide of the following transition metals is white?
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Platinum dissolves in NOCL to give _________.
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mixture gives_______.
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A solution contains ions. What can be done to separate them?
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On reacting with
in presence of acid, two solids A and B are formed along with a violet gas C. What is A, B and C?
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When Sodium bromide is reacted with silver nitrate a pale-yellow solid is formed that is photosensitive and dissolves in ammonium hydroxide with difficulty. What is the compound?
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reacts with
in acidic medium to release a pungent green-coloured gas A that reacts with excess
to give an oily explosive liquid B. What is A and B?
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What angle is form by Mn-O-Mn in ?
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reacts with
in presence of sulfuric acid to give a pale blue gas with a strong smell that acts as a strong oxidising agent. What is the gas?
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Why gadolinium has an abnormally low third ionisation enthalpy?
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Match the following correctly:
Metal | Process |
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I. Fe | A. Ziegler-Natta catalyst |
II.Ni | B. Wacker process |
III. Ti | C. Hydrogenation of fats. |
IV. Pd | D. Haber process |
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How many of the following divalent ions have a magnetic moment of $\sqrt{35}$ Bohr Magnetons?
$\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}$ $\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}$ ${Ni}^{2+}$ $\mathrm{Sc}^{3+}$
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Which of the following statements is not correct about rusting of iron?
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Copper becomes green when exposed to moist air for a long period. This is due to :
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An octahedral complex with the formula $\mathrm{CoCl}_3. \mathrm{nNH}_3$ upon reaction with an excess of $\mathrm{AgNO}_3$ solution given 2 moles of $\mathrm{AgCl}$. Consider the oxidation state of Co in the complex is ' $x$ '. The value of " $\mathrm{x}+\mathrm{n}$ " is $\qquad$
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Which one of the following exhibits the target number of oxidation state?
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Which one of the following nitrates will leave behind a metal on strong heating ?
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Maximum oxidation state is shown by element
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Which of the following species does not exist
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When Co(II) chloride is dissolved in concentrated HCl a blue solution is obtained. Upon dilution with water, the color changes to pink because
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The amphoteric oxide among $\mathrm{V}_2 \mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{~V}_2 \mathrm{O}_4$ and $\mathrm{V}_2 \mathrm{O}_5$ upon reaction with alkali leads to formation of an oxide anion. The oxidation state of V in the oxide anion is:
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The oxidation of S-atoms in $S_4 O_6^{-2}$ from left to right
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A transition metal X has a configuration [Ar] 3d4 in its +3 oxidation state. What is its atomic number?:
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Given below are two statements :
Statement I: The higher oxidation states are more stable down the group among transition elements, unlike p-block elements.
Statement II: Copper can not liberate hydrogen from weak acids.
In the light of the above statements,
choose the correct answer from the options given below :
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Highest oxidation state of manganese in fluoride is $+4\left(M n F_4\right)$ but highest oxidation state in oxides is $+7\left(\mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_7\right)$ because ____________.
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In the form of dichromate, $\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{VI})_{\text {is a strong oxidising agent in acidic medium but }} \mathrm{Mo}(\mathrm{VI})_{\text {in }} \mathrm{MoO}_3$ and $\mathrm{W}(\mathrm{VI})_{\text {in }} \mathrm{WO}_3$ are not because $\qquad$
(i) $\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{VI})$ is more stable than $\mathrm{Mo}(\mathrm{VI})$ and $\mathrm{W}(\mathrm{VI})$.
(ii) $\mathrm{Mo}(\mathrm{VI})$ and $\mathrm{W}(\mathrm{VI})$ are more stable than $\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{VI})$.
(iii) Higher oxidation states of heavier members of group-6 of transition series are more stable.
(iv) Lower oxidation states of heavier members of group-6 of transition series are more stable.
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Out of the following transition elements, the maximum number of oxidation states is shown by
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The electronic configuration of $C u(I I)$ is $3 d^9$ whereas that of $C u(I)$ is $3 d^{10}$. Which of the following is correct?
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The electronic configuration of a transition element X in +3 oxidation state is $[A r] 3 d^5$. What is its atomic number?
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The element which shows only one oxidation state other than its elemental form is :
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Which of the following actinoids show oxidation states up to +7?
(i) Am
(ii) Pu
(iii) U
(iv) Np
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Which of the following oxidation states is common for all lanthanoids?
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Which of the following will not act as oxidising agents?
(i) $\mathrm{CrO}_3$
(ii) $\mathrm{MoO}_3$
(iii) $\mathrm{WO}_3$
(iv) $\mathrm{CrO}_4^{2-}$
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The metal that shows highest and maximum number of oxidation state is:
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The number of ions from the following that have the ability to liberate hydrogen from a dilute acid is_____________$\mathrm{Ti}^{2+}, \mathrm{Cr}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{V}^{2+}$
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Cu2Cl2 and CuCl2 in aqueous medium
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The fusion of chromite ore $\left(\mathrm{FeCr}_2 \mathrm{O}_4\right)$ with $\mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{CO}_3$ in air gives a yellow solution upon addition of water. Subsequent treatment with $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4$ produces an orange solution. The yellow and orange colours, respectively, are due to the formation of:
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Which of the following oxidation state is not possible of d-block element:
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$\mathrm{Cu}_2 \mathrm{O} {\text { is }}$
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The following ions are given:
$\mathrm{Cr}^{2+}, \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}, \mathrm{Cu}^{+}, \mathrm{Fe}^{2+}, \mathrm{Fe}^{3+}, \mathrm{Mn}^{3+}$
Identify the ion, which is
(i) a strong reducing agent.
(ii) unstable in an aqueous solution.
(iii) a strong oxidising agent.
Give suitable reason in each.
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Given below are two statements :
Statement I : $\mathrm{CrO}_3$ is a stronger oxidizing agent than $\mathrm{MoO}_3$
Statement II : $\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{VI})$ is more stable than $\mathrm{Mo}(\mathrm{VI})$
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
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One of the notable features of a transition elements is the great variety of oxidation states these may show in their compounds.