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Which plants are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom

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Bryophytes, which include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, are often called the "amphibians of the plant kingdom" because they can live on land but need water to reproduce. Unlike higher plants, bryophytes don't have real vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). This makes it harder for them to move water and nutrients around, so they can only live in wet, shady places. During their life cycle, generations come and go. The main stage, called gametophyte, makes male reproductive structures (antheridia) and female reproductive structures (archegonia). Because their sperm cells have cilia, they have to swim through a thin layer of water to get to the egg they can fertilize it. This means that water is an important part of reproduction. This need for water to fertilize is like frogs, which live on land but have to go back to water to have babies. Bryophytes, like mosses (Funaria), liverworts (Marchantia), and hornworts (Anthoceros), are very important to the environment because they help build soil, keep water in, and stop erosion. They also work as pioneer species in dry landscapes. Their special traits make them an important link in the development of plants that live in water and plants that live on land.

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