# NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry: In class 11th you have learnt about 2-D geometry. The 3-D geometry is an extension of 2-D geometry with taking consideration of 3 orthogonal axes. It requires more of your imagination power to visualize 3-D geometry concepts. In NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry article, you will learn how to use vector algebra to study three dimensional geometry. It will be easy for you to solve three dimensional problems with help of vector algebra. The purpose of this approach in the CBSE NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry is to make the study simple and effective. In this chapter there are many formulas to solve the problems. You are advised to write formulas when you are solving the problems. So, you can remember formulas very easily. Solutions of NCERT for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry will build your base for many other higher-level concepts like tensors and manifolds. Check all NCERT solutions, which will help you get a better understanding of concepts in a much easy way.
The important topics like direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points, equations of lines in space, the angle between two lines, the angle between two planes, angle between a line and a plane, the shortest distance between two skew lines, equation of a plane in the normal form, etc. are covered in this chapter. Questions from all the topics are covered in the CBSE NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry.  A total of 36 questions in 3 exercises are given in this chapter. All these NCERT questions are solved and explained in the CBSE NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry article to clear your doubts.

 In this chapter we deal with formulas like- If l, m, n are the direction cosines of a line, then $\dpi{100} l^2+m^2+n^2=1$. $\dpi{100} Q(x_{2}, y_{2}, z_{2})$ and $\dpi{100} P(x_{1}, y_{1}, z_{1})$Direction cosines of a line joining two points $\dpi{80} PQ=\sqrt{(X_2-X_1)^2+(Y_2-Y_1)^2+(Z_2-Z_1)^2}$are $\dpi{80} \frac{X_2-X_1}{PQ},\:\frac{Y_2-Y_1}{PQ},\:\frac{Z_2-Z_1}{PQ}$, where If l, m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction of a line then-              $\dpi{80} \dpi{80} l=\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}} ; m=\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}; n=\frac{c}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}$

## Topics and sub-topics of NCERT class 12 maths chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line

11.2.1 Relation between the direction cosines of a line

11.2.2 Direction cosines of a line passing through two points

11.3 Equation of a Line in Space

11.3.1Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to a given vector b

11.3.2 Equation of a line passing through two given points

11.4 Angle between Two Lines

11.5 Shortest Distance between Two Lines

11.5.1 Distance between two skew lines

11.5.2 Distance between parallel lines

11.6 Plane

11.6.1 Equation of a plane in normal form

11.6.2 Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given vector and passing through a given point

11.6.3 Equation of a plane passing through three noncollinear points

11.6.4 Intercept form of the equation of a plane

11.6.5 Plane passing through the intersection of two given planes

11.7 Coplanarity of Two Lines

11.8 Angle between Two Planes

11.9 Distance of a Point from a Plane

11.10 Angle between a Line and a Plane

## Solutions of NCERT for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry-Exercise: 11.1

Let the direction cosines of the line be l,m, and n.

So, we have

$l = \cos90^{\circ}=0$

$m = \cos135^{\circ}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt2}$

$n= \cos45^{\circ}=\frac{1}{\sqrt2}$

Therefore the direction cosines of the lines are $0,\ -\frac{1}{\sqrt2},and\ \ \frac{1}{\sqrt2}$.

If the line is making equal angle with the coordinate axes. Then,

Let the common angle made is $\alpha$ with each coordinate axes.

Therefore, we can write;

$l = \cos \alpha,\ m= \cos \alpha,and\ n= \cos \alpha$

And as we know the relation; $l^2+m^2+n^2 = 1$

$\Rightarrow \cos^2 \alpha +\cos^2 \alpha+\cos^2 \alpha = 1$

$\Rightarrow \cos^2 \alpha = \frac{1}{3}$

or $\cos \alpha =\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt3}$

Thus the direction cosines of the line are $\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt3},\ \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt3},and\ \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt3}$

GIven a line has direction ratios of -18, 12, – 4 then its direction cosines are;

Line having direction ratio -18 has direction cosine:

$\frac{-18}{\sqrt{(-18)^2+(12)^2+(-4)^2}} = \frac{-18}{22} = \frac{-9}{11}$

Line having direction ratio 12 has direction cosine:

$\frac{12}{\sqrt{(-18)^2+(12)^2+(-4)^2}} = \frac{12}{22} =\frac{6}{11}$

Line having direction ratio -4 has direction cosine:

$\frac{12}{\sqrt{(-4)^2+(12)^2+(-4)^2}} = \frac{-4}{22} = \frac{-2}{11}$

Thus, the direction cosines are $\frac{-9}{11},\ \frac{6}{11},\ \frac{-2}{11}$.

We have the points,  A (2, 3, 4),B (– 1, – 2, 1),C (5, 8, 7);

And as we can find the direction ratios of the line joining the points $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}) \ and\ (x_{2},y_{2},z_{2})$ is given by $x_{2}-x_{1}, y_{2}-y_{1}, \ and\ z_{2}-z_{1}.$

The direction ratios of AB are $(-1-2), (-2-3),\ and\ (1-4)$ i.e., $-3,\ -5,\ and\ -3$

The direction ratios of BC are $(5-(-1)), (8-(-2)),\ and\ (7-1)$ i.e., $6,\ 10,\ and\ 6$.

We can see that the direction ratios of AB and BC are proportional to each other and is -2 times.

$\therefore$ AB is parallel to BC. and as point B is common to both AB and BC,

Hence the points A, B and C are collinear.

Given vertices of the triangle $\triangle ABC$  (3, 5, – 4), (– 1, 1, 2) and (– 5, – 5, – 2).

Finding each side direction ratios;

$\Rightarrow$Direction ratios of side AB are $(-1-3), (1-5),\ and\ (2-(-4))$ i.e.,

$-4,-4,\ and\ 6.$

Therefore its direction cosines values are;

$\frac{-4}{\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-4)^2+(6)^2}},\ \frac{-4}{\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-4)^2+(6)^2}},\ \frac{6}{\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-4)^2+(6)^2}}$ $or\ \frac{-4}{2\sqrt{17}},\frac{-4}{2\sqrt{17}},\frac{6}{2\sqrt{17}}\ or\ \frac{-2}{\sqrt{17}},\frac{-2}{\sqrt{17}},\frac{3}{\sqrt{17}}$

SImilarly for side BC;

$\Rightarrow$Direction ratios of side BC are $(-5-(-1)), (-5-1),\ and\ (-2-2)$ i.e.,

$-4,-6,\ and\ -4.$

Therefore its direction cosines values are;

$\frac{-4}{\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-6)^2+(-4)^2}},\ \frac{-6}{\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-6)^2+(-4)^2}},\ \frac{-4}{\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-6)^2+(-4)^2}}$ $or\ \frac{-4}{2\sqrt{17}},\frac{-6}{2\sqrt{17}},\frac{-4}{2\sqrt{17}}\ or\ \frac{-2}{\sqrt{17}},\frac{-3}{\sqrt{17}},\frac{-2}{\sqrt{17}}$

$\Rightarrow$Direction ratios of side CA are $(-5-3), (-5-5),\ and\ (-2-(-4))$ i.e.,

$-8,-10,\ and\ 2.$

Therefore its direction cosines values are;

$\frac{-8}{\sqrt{(-8)^2+(10)^2+(2)^2}},\ \frac{-5}{\sqrt{(-8)^2+(10)^2+(2)^2}},\ \frac{2}{\sqrt{(-8)^2+(10)^2+(2)^2}}$ $or\ \frac{-8}{2\sqrt{42}},\frac{-10}{2\sqrt{42}},\frac{2}{2\sqrt{42}}\ or\ \frac{-4}{\sqrt{42}},\frac{-5}{\sqrt{42}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{42}}$

## Question:1 Show that the three lines with direction cosines

$\frac{12}{13}, \frac{-3}{13},\frac{-4}{13};\frac{4}{13},\frac{12}{13},\frac{3}{13};\frac{3}{13},\frac{-4}{13},\frac{12}{13}$   are mutually perpendicular.

GIven direction cosines of the three lines;

$L_{1}\ \left ( \frac{12}{13}, \frac{-3}{13},\frac{-4}{13} \right )$       $L_{2}\ \left ( \frac{4}{13}, \frac{12}{13},\frac{3}{13} \right )$      $L_{3}\ \left ( \frac{3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13},\frac{12}{13} \right )$

And we know that two lines with direction cosines $l_{1},m_{1},n_{1}$   and  $l_{2},m_{2},n_{2}$ are perpendicular to each other, if $l_{1}l_{2}+m_{1}m_{2}+n_{1}n_{2}=0$

Hence we will check each pair of lines:

Lines $L_{1}\ and\ L_{2}$;

$l_{1}l_{2}+m_{1}m_{2}+n_{1}n_{2}= \left [ \frac{12}{13}\times\frac{4}{13} \right ]+\left [ \frac{-3}{13}\times\frac{12}{13} \right ]+\left [ \frac{-4}{13}\times \frac{3}{13} \right ]$

$= \left [ \frac{48}{169} \right ]-\left [ \frac{36}{169} \right ]-\left [ \frac{12}{169} \right ]= 0$

$\therefore$ the lines $L_{1}\ and\ L_{2}$ are perpendicular.

Lines $L_{2}\ and\ L_{3}$;

$l_{1}l_{2}+m_{1}m_{2}+n_{1}n_{2}= \left [ \frac{4}{13}\times\frac{3}{13} \right ]+\left [ \frac{12}{13}\times\frac{-4}{13} \right ]+\left [ \frac{3}{13}\times \frac{12}{13} \right ]$

$= \left [ \frac{12}{169} \right ]-\left [ \frac{48}{169} \right ]+\left [ \frac{36}{169} \right ]= 0$

$\therefore$ the lines $L_{2}\ and\ L_{3}$ are perpendicular.

Lines $L_{3}\ and\ L_{1}$;

$l_{1}l_{2}+m_{1}m_{2}+n_{1}n_{2}= \left [ \frac{3}{13}\times\frac{12}{13} \right ]+\left [ \frac{-4}{13}\times\frac{-3}{13} \right ]+\left [ \frac{12}{13}\times \frac{-4}{13} \right ]$

$= \left [ \frac{36}{169} \right ]+\left [ \frac{12}{169} \right ]-\left [ \frac{48}{169} \right ]= 0$

$\therefore$ the lines $L_{3}\ and\ L_{1}$ are perpendicular.

Thus, we have all lines are mutually perpendicular to each other.

We have given points where the line is passing through it;

Consider the line joining the points (1, – 1, 2) and (3, 4, – 2) is AB and line joining the points  (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).is CD.

So, we will find the direction ratios of the lines AB and CD;

Direction ratios of AB are $a_{1},b_{1}, c_{1}$

$(3-1),\ (4-(-1)),\ and\ (-2-2)$   or  $2,\ 5,\ and\ -4$

Direction ratios of CD are $a_{2},b_{2}, c_{2}$

$(3-0),\ (5-3)),\ and\ (6-2)$   or  $3,\ 2,\ and\ 4$.

Now, lines AB and CD will be perpendicular to each other if $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} =0$

$a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} =\left ( 2\times3 \right ) +\left ( 5\times2 \right )+ \left ( -4\times 4 \right )$

$= 6+10-16 = 0$

Therefore, AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.

We have given points where the line is passing through it;

Consider the line joining the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is AB and line joining the points  (– 1, – 2, 1) and (1, 2, 5)..is CD.

So, we will find the direction ratios of the lines AB and CD;

Direction ratios of AB are $a_{1},b_{1}, c_{1}$

$(2-4),\ (3-7),\ and\ (4-8)$   or  $-2,\ -4,\ and\ -4$

Direction ratios of CD are $a_{2},b_{2}, c_{2}$

$(1-(-1)),\ (2-(-2)),\ and\ (5-1)$   or  $2,\ 4,\ and\ 4$.

Now, lines AB and CD will be parallel to each other if $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} = \frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

Therefore we have now;

$\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{-2}{2}=-1$        $\frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} = \frac{-4}{4}=-1$       $\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}} = \frac{-4}{4}=-1$

$\therefore \frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} = \frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

Hence we can say that AB is parallel to CD.

It is given that the line is passing through A (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector $\vec{b}=3\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}$

We can easily find the equation of the line which passes through the point A and is parallel to the vector $\vec{b}$ by the known relation;

$\vec{r} = \vec{a} +\lambda\vec{b}$, where $\lambda$ is a constant.

So, we have now,

$\\\mathrm{\Rightarrow \vec{r} = \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k} + \lambda(3\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k})}$

Thus the required equation of the line.

Given that the line is passing through the point with position vector $2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+4\widehat{k}$ and is in the direction of the line $\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}$.

And we know the equation of the line which passes through the point with the position vector $\vec{a}$and parallel to the vector $\vec{b}$ is given by the equation,

$\vec{r} = \vec{a} +\lambda\vec{b}$

$\Rightarrow \vec{r} =2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+4\widehat{k} + \lambda(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-\widehat{k})$

So, this is the required equation of the line in the vector form.

$\vec{r} =x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k} = (\lambda+2)\widehat{i}+(2\lambda-1)\widehat{j}+(-\lambda+4)\widehat{k}$

Eliminating $\lambda$, from the above equation we obtain the equation in the Cartesian form :

$\frac{x-2}{1}= \frac{y+1}{2} =\frac{z-4}{-1}$

Hence this is the required equation of the line in Cartesian form.

Given a line which passes through the point (– 2, 4, – 5) and is parallel to the line given by the $\frac{x+3}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+8}{6}$;

The direction ratios of the line, $\frac{x+3}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+8}{6}$ are 3,5 and 6.

So, the required line is parallel to the above line.

Therefore we can take direction ratios of the required line as 3k, 5k, and 6k, where k is a non-zero constant.

And we know that the equation of line passing through the point $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$ and with direction ratios a, b, c is written by: $\frac{x-x_{1}}{a} = \frac{y-y_{1}}{b} = \frac{z-z_{1}}{c}$.

Therefore we have the equation of the required line:

$\frac{x+2}{3k} = \frac{y-4}{5k} = \frac{z+5}{6k}$

or   $\frac{x+2}{3} = \frac{y-4}{5} = \frac{z+5}{6} = k$

The required line equation.

Given the Cartesian equation of the line;

$\frac{x-5}{3}=\frac{y+4}{7}=\frac{z-6}{7}$

Here the given line is passing through the point $(5,-4,6)$

So, we can write the position vector of this point as;

$\vec{a} = 5\widehat{i}-4\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}$

And the direction ratios of the line are 3, 7, and 2.

This implies that the given line is in the direction of the vector, $\vec{b} = 3\widehat{i}+7\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}$.

Now, we can easily find the required equation of line:

As we know that the line passing through the position vector $\vec{a}$ and in the direction of the vector $\vec{b}$ is given by the relation,

$\vec{r} = \vec{a} + \lambda \vec{b},\ \lambda \epsilon R$

So, we get the equation.

$\vec{r} = 5\widehat{i}-4\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k} + \lambda(3\widehat{i}+7\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}),\ \lambda \epsilon R$

This is the required equation of the line in the vector form.

GIven that the line is passing through the $(0,0,0)$ and $(5,-2,3)$

Thus the required line passes through the origin.

$\therefore$ its position vector is given by,

$\vec{a} = \vec{0}$

So, the direction ratios of the line through  $(0,0,0)$ and $(5,-2,3)$ are,

$(5-0) = 5, (-2-0) = -2, (3-0) = 3$

The line is parallel to the vector given by the equation, $\vec{b} = 5\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}$

Therefore the equation of the line passing through the point with position vector $\vec{a}$ and parallel to $\vec{b}$ is given by;

$\vec{r} = \vec{a}+\lambda\vec{b},\ where\ \lambda \epsilon R$

$\Rightarrow\vec{r} = 0+\lambda (5\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})$

$\Rightarrow\vec{r} = \lambda (5\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})$

Now, the equation of the line through the point $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$ and the direction ratios a, b, c is given by;

$\frac{x-x_{1}}{a} = \frac{y-y_{1}}{b} =\frac{z-z_{1}}{c}$

Therefore the equation of the required line in the Cartesian form will be;

$\frac{x-0}{5} = \frac{y-0}{-2} =\frac{z-0}{3}$

OR $\frac{x}{5} = \frac{y}{-2} =\frac{z}{3}$

Let the line passing through the points $A(3,-2,-5)$ and $B(3,-2,6)$ is AB;

Then as AB passes through through A so, we can write its position vector as;

$\vec{a} =3\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}-5\widehat{k}$

Then direction ratios of PQ are given by,

$(3-3)= 0,\ (-2+2) = 0,\ (6+5)=11$

Therefore the equation of the vector in the direction of AB is given by,

$\vec{b} =0\widehat{i}-0\widehat{j}+11\widehat{k} = 11\widehat{k}$

We have then the equation of line AB in  vector form is given by,

$\vec{r} =\vec{a}+\lambda\vec{b},\ where\ \lambda \epsilon R$

$\Rightarrow \vec{r} = (3\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}-5\widehat{k}) + 11\lambda\widehat{k}$

So, the equation of AB in Cartesian form is;

$\frac{x-x_{1}}{a} =\frac{y-y_{1}}{b} =\frac{z-z_{1}}{c}$

or $\frac{x-3}{0} =\frac{y+2}{0} =\frac{z+5}{11}$

(i)     $\overrightarrow{r}=2\widehat{i}-5\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}+\lambda (3\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k})$ and $\overrightarrow{r}=7\widehat{i}-6\widehat{k}+\mu (\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k})$

To find the angle A between the pair of lines $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$ we have the formula;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}}}{|\vec{b_{1}}||\vec{b_{2}}|} \right |$

We have two lines :

$\overrightarrow{r}=2\widehat{i}-5\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}+\lambda (3\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k})$ and

$\overrightarrow{r}=7\widehat{i}-6\widehat{k}+\mu (\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k})$

The given lines are parallel to the vectors $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$;

where $\vec{b_{1}}= 3\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}$   and   $\vec{b_{2}}= \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}$ respectively,

Then we have

$\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}} =(3\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}).(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k})$

$=3+4+12 = 19$

and $|\vec{b_{1}}| = \sqrt{3^2+2^2+6^2} = 7$

$|\vec{b_{2}}| = \sqrt{1^2+2^2+2^2} = 3$

Therefore we have;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{19}{7\times3} \right | = \frac{19}{21}$

or $A = \cos^{-1} \left ( \frac{19}{21} \right )$

(ii)      $\overrightarrow{r}= 3\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}+\lambda (\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k})$ and $\overrightarrow{r}= 2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-56\widehat{k}+\mu (3\widehat{i}-5\widehat{j}-4\widehat{k})$

To find the angle A between the pair of lines $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$ we have the formula;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}}}{|\vec{b_{1}}||\vec{b_{2}}|} \right |$

We have two lines :

$\overrightarrow{r}= 3\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}+\lambda (\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k})$ and

$\overrightarrow{r}= 2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-56\widehat{k}+\mu (3\widehat{i}-5\widehat{j}-4\widehat{k})$

The given lines are parallel to the vectors $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$;

where $\vec{b_{1}}= \widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}$   and   $\vec{b_{2}}= 3\widehat{i}-5\widehat{j}-4\widehat{k}$ respectively,

Then we have

$\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}} =(\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}).(3\widehat{i}-5\widehat{j}-4\widehat{k})$

$=3+5+8 = 16$

and $|\vec{b_{1}}| = \sqrt{1^2+(-1)^2+(-2)^2} = \sqrt{6}$

$|\vec{b_{2}}| = \sqrt{3^2+(-5)^2+(-4)^2} = \sqrt{50} = 5\sqrt2$

Therefore we have;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{16}{\sqrt6 \times5\sqrt2} \right | = \frac{16}{10\sqrt3}$

or $A = \cos^{-1} \left ( \frac{8}{5\sqrt3} \right )$

(i)     $\frac{x-2}{2}= \frac{y-1}{5}= \frac{z+3}{-3}$ and $\frac{x+2}{-1}= \frac{y-4}{8}= \frac{z-5}{4}$

Given lines are;

$\frac{x-2}{2}= \frac{y-1}{5}= \frac{z+3}{-3}$  and  $\frac{x+2}{-1}= \frac{y-4}{8}= \frac{z-5}{4}$

So, we two vectors $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$ which are parallel to the pair of above lines respectively.

$\vec{b_{1}}\ =2\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}$   and  $\vec{b_{2}}\ =-\widehat{i}+8\widehat{j}+4\widehat{k}$

To find the angle A between the pair of lines $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$ we have the formula;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}}}{|\vec{b_{1}}||\vec{b_{2}}|} \right |$

Then we have

$\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}} =(2\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}).(-\widehat{i}+8\widehat{j}+4\widehat{k})$

$=-2+40-12 = 26$

and $|\vec{b_{1}}| = \sqrt{2^2+5^2+(-3)^2} = \sqrt{38}$

$|\vec{b_{2}}| = \sqrt{(-1)^2+(8)^2+(4)^2} = \sqrt{81} = 9$

Therefore we have;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{26}{\sqrt{38} \times9} \right | = \frac{26}{9\sqrt{38}}$

or $A = \cos^{-1} \left ( \frac{26}{9\sqrt{38}} \right )$

(ii)     $\frac{x}{2}= \frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{1}$ and $\frac{x -5}{4}= \frac{y-2}{1}=\frac{z-3}{8}$

Given lines are;

$\frac{x}{2}= \frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{1}$ and $\frac{x -5}{4}= \frac{y-2}{1}=\frac{z-3}{8}$

So, we two vectors $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$ which are parallel to the pair of above lines respectively.

$\vec{b_{1}}\ =2\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}$   and  $\vec{b_{2}}\ =4\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+8\widehat{k}$

To find the angle A between the pair of lines $\vec{b_{1}}\ and\ \vec{b_{2}}$ we have the formula;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}}}{|\vec{b_{1}}||\vec{b_{2}}|} \right |$

Then we have

$\vec{b_{1}}.\vec{b_{2}} =(2\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}).(4\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+8\widehat{k})$

$=8+2+8 = 18$

and $|\vec{b_{1}}| = \sqrt{2^2+2^2+1^2} = \sqrt{9} = 3$

$|\vec{b_{2}}| = \sqrt{(4)^2+(1)^2+(8)^2} = \sqrt{81} = 9$

Therefore we have;

$\cos A = \left | \frac{18}{ 3\times9} \right | = \frac{2}{3}$

or $A = \cos^{-1} \left ( \frac{2}{3} \right )$

First we have to write the given equation of lines in the standard form;

$\frac{x-1}{-3}=\frac{y-2}{\frac{2p}{7}}= \frac{z-3}{2}$   and  $\frac{x-1}{\frac{-3p}{7}}=\frac{y-5}{1}= \frac{z-6}{-5}$

Then we have the direction ratios of the above lines as;

$-3,\ \frac{2p}{7},\ 2$   and   $\frac{-3p}{7},\ 1,\ -5$   respectively..

Two lines with direction ratios $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ and $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$  are perpendicular to each other if,  $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}= 0$

$\therefore (-3).\left ( \frac{-3p}{7} \right )+(\frac{2p}{7}).(1) + 2.(-5) = 0$

$\Rightarrow \frac{9p}{7}+ \frac{2p}{7} =10$

$\Rightarrow 11p =70$

$\Rightarrow p =\frac{70}{11}$

Thus, the value of p is $\frac{70}{11}$.

First, we have to write the given equation of lines in the standard form;

$\frac{x-5}{7}=\frac{y+2}{-5}=\frac{z}{1}$ and $\frac{x}{1}=\frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{3}$

Then we have the direction ratios of the above lines as;

$7,\ -5,\ 1$   and   $1,\ 2,\ 3$   respectively..

Two lines with direction ratios $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ and $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$  are perpendicular to each other if,  $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}= 0$

$\therefore 7(1) + (-5)(2)+1(3) = 7-10+3 = 0$

Therefore the two lines are perpendicular to each other.

Question:14 Find the shortest distance between the lines

So given equation of lines;

$\overrightarrow{r}=(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})+\lambda (\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})$ and  $\overrightarrow{r}=(2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-\widehat{k})+\mu (2\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k})$ in the vector form.

Now, we can find the shortest distance between the lines $\vec{r} = \vec{a_{1}}+\lambda\vec{b_{1}}$ and $\vec{r} = \vec{a_{2}}+\mu \vec{b_{2}}$, is given by the formula,

$d= \left | \frac{\left ( \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right ).\left ( \vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}} \right )}{\left | \vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} \right |} \right |$

Now comparing the values from the equation, we obtain

$\vec{a_{1}} = \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}$                 $\vec{b_{1}} = \widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}$

$\vec{a_{2}} = 2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}$               $\vec{b_{2}} = 2\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}$

$\vec{a_{2}} -\vec{a_{1}} =\left ( 2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-\widehat{k} \right ) - \left ( \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k} \right ) = \widehat{i}-3\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}$

Then calculating

$\vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} = \begin{vmatrix} \widehat{i} &\widehat{j} &\widehat{k} \\ 1 & -1 &1 \\ 2& 1 &2 \end{vmatrix}$

$\vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} = (-2-1)\widehat{i} - (2-2) \widehat{j} +(1+2) \widehat{k} = -3\widehat{i}+3\widehat{k}$

$\Rightarrow \left | \vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} \right | = \sqrt{(-3)^2+(3)^2} = \sqrt{9+9} =\sqrt{18} =3\sqrt2$

So, substituting the values now in the formula above we get;

$d =\left | \frac{\left ( -3\widehat{i}+3\widehat{k} \right ).(\widehat{i}-3\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k})}{3\sqrt2} \right |$

$\Rightarrow d = \left | \frac{-3.1+3(-2)}{3\sqrt2} \right |$

$d = \left | \frac{-9}{3\sqrt2} \right | = \frac{3}{\sqrt2} = \frac{3\sqrt2}{2}$

Therefore, the shortest distance between the two lines is $\frac{3\sqrt2}{2}$ units.

Question:15 Find the shortest distance between the lines

$\frac{x+1}{7}=\frac{y+1}{-6}=\frac{z+1}{1}$ and $\frac{x-3}{1}=\frac{y-5}{-2}=\frac{z-7}{1}$

We have given two lines:

$\frac{x+1}{7}=\frac{y+1}{-6}=\frac{z+1}{1}$ and $\frac{x-3}{1}=\frac{y-5}{-2}=\frac{z-7}{1}$

Calculating the shortest distance between the two lines,

$\frac{x-x_{1}}{a_{1}}=\frac{y-y_{1}}{b_{1}}=\frac{z-z_{1}}{c_{1}}$ and $\frac{x-x_{2}}{a_{2}}=\frac{y-y_{2}}{b_{2}}=\frac{z-z_{2}}{c_{2}}$

by the formula

$d = \frac{\begin{vmatrix} x_{2}-x_{1} &y_{2}-y_{1} &z_{2}-z_{1} \\ a_{1} &b_{1} &c_{1} \\ a_{2}&b_{2} &c_{2} \end{vmatrix}}{\sqrt{(b_{1}c_{2}-b_{2}c_{1})^2+(c_{1}a_{2}-c_{2}a_{1})^2+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^2}}$

Now, comparing the given equations, we obtain

$x_{1} = -1,\ y_{1} =-1,\ z_{1} =-1$

$a_{1} = 7,\ b_{1} =-6,\ c_{1} =1$

$x_{2} = 3,\ y_{2} =5,\ z_{2} =7$

$a_{2} = 1,\ b_{2} =-2,\ c_{2} =1$

Then calculating determinant

$\begin{vmatrix} x_{2}-x_{1} &y_{2}-y_{1} &z_{2}-z_{1} \\ a_{1} &b_{1} &c_{1} \\ a_{2}&b_{2} &c_{2} \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 4 &6 &8 \\ 7& -6& 1\\ 1& -2& 1 \end{vmatrix}$

$= 4(-6+2)-6(7-1)+8(-14+6)$

$= -16-36-64$

$=-116$

Now calculating the denominator,

$\sqrt{(b_{1}c_{2}-b_{2}c_{1})^2+(c_{1}a_{2}-c_{2}a_{1})^2+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^2} = \sqrt{(-6+2)^2+(1+7)^2+(-14+6)^2}$$= \sqrt{16+36+64}$

$= \sqrt{116} = 2\sqrt{29}$

So, we will substitute all the values in the formula above to obtain,

$d = \frac{-116}{2\sqrt{29}} = \frac{-58}{\sqrt{29}} = \frac{-2\times29}{\sqrt{29}} = -2\sqrt{29}$

Since distance is always non-negative, the distance between the given lines is

$2\sqrt{29}$ units.

$\overrightarrow{r}=(4\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k})+ \mu (2\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})$

Given two equations of line

$\overrightarrow{r}=(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})+ \lambda (\widehat{i}-3\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k})$ $\overrightarrow{r}=(4\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k})+ \mu (2\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})$ in the vector form.

So, we will apply the distance formula  for knowing the distance between two lines $\vec{r} =\vec{a_{1}}+\lambda{b_{1}}$   and   $\vec{r} =\vec{a_{2}}+\lambda{b_{2}}$

$d= \left | \frac{\left ( \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right ).\left ( \vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}} \right )}{\left | \vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} \right |} \right |$

After comparing the given equations, we obtain

$\vec{a_{1}} = \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}$                $\vec{b_{1}} = \widehat{i}-3\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}$

$\vec{a_{2}} = 4\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}$             $\vec{b_{2}} = 2\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}$

$\vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}} = (4\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}) - (\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})$

$= 3\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}$

Then calculating the determinant value numerator.

$\vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} = \begin{vmatrix} \widehat{i} &\widehat{j} &\widehat{k} \\ 1& -3 &2 \\ 2& 3& 1 \end{vmatrix}$

$= (-3-6)\widehat{i}-(1-4)\widehat{j}+(3+6)\widehat{k} = -9\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}+9\widehat{k}$

That implies, $\left | \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right | = \sqrt{(-9)^2+(3)^2+(9)^2}$

$= \sqrt{81+9+81} = \sqrt{171} =3\sqrt{19}$

$\left ( \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right ).\left ( \vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}} \right )=(-9\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}+9\widehat{k})(3\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})$

$= (-9\times3)+(3\times3)+(9\times3) = 9$

Now, after substituting the value in the above formula we get,

$d= \left | \frac{9}{3\sqrt{19}} \right | = \frac{3}{\sqrt{19}}$

Therefore,$\frac{3}{\sqrt{19}}$ is the shortest distance between the two given lines.

$\overrightarrow{r}=(1-t)\widehat{i}+(t-2)\widehat{j}+(3-2t)\widehat{k}$ and $\overrightarrow{r}=(s+1)\widehat{i}+(2s-1)\widehat{j}-(2s+1)\widehat{k}$

Given two equations of the line

$\overrightarrow{r}=(1-t)\widehat{i}+(t-2)\widehat{j}+(3-2t)\widehat{k}$  $\overrightarrow{r}=(s+1)\widehat{i}+(2s-1)\widehat{j}-(2s+1)\widehat{k}$  in the vector form.

So, we will apply the distance formula  for knowing the distance between two lines $\vec{r} =\vec{a_{1}}+\lambda{b_{1}}$   and   $\vec{r} =\vec{a_{2}}+\lambda{b_{2}}$

$d= \left | \frac{\left ( \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right ).\left ( \vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}} \right )}{\left | \vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} \right |} \right |$

After comparing the given equations, we obtain

$\vec{a_{1}} = \widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}$                $\vec{b_{1}} = -\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}$

$\vec{a_{2}} = \widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}$             $\vec{b_{2}} = \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}$

$\vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}} = (\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}) - (\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}) = \widehat{j}-4\widehat{k}$

Then calculating the determinant value numerator.

$\vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} = \begin{vmatrix} \widehat{i} &\widehat{j} &\widehat{k} \\ -1& 1 &-2 \\ 1& 2& -2 \end{vmatrix}$

$= (-2+4)\widehat{i}-(2+2)\widehat{j}+(-2-1)\widehat{k} = 2\widehat{i}-4\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}$

That implies,

$\left | \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right | = \sqrt{(2)^2+(-4)^2+(-3)^2}$

$= \sqrt{4+16+9} = \sqrt{29}$

$\left ( \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right ).\left ( \vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}} \right )=(2\widehat{i}-4\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k})(\widehat{j}-4\widehat{k}) = -4+12 = 8$

Now, after substituting the value in the above formula we get,

$d= \left | \frac{8}{\sqrt{29}} \right | = \frac{8}{\sqrt{29}}$

Therefore,$\frac{8}{\sqrt{29}}$ units are the shortest distance between the two given lines.

## NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry-Exercise: 11.3

z = 2

Equation of plane Z=2, i.e.  $0x+0y+z=2$

The direction ratio of normal is 0,0,1

$\therefore \, \, \, \sqrt{0^2+0^2+1^2}=1$

Divide equation $0x+0y+z=2$ by 1 from both side

We get,      $0x+0y+z=2$

Hence, direction cosins are 0,0,1.

The distance of the plane from the origin is 2.

x + y + z = 1

Given the equation of the plane is $x+y+z=1$ or we can write $1x+1y+1z=1$

So, the direction ratios of normal from the above equation are, $1,\1,\ and\ 1$.

Therefore $\sqrt{1^2+1^2+1^2} =\sqrt{3}$

Then dividing both sides of the plane equation by $\sqrt{3}$, we get

$\frac{x}{\sqrt3}+\frac{y}{\sqrt3}+\frac{z}{\sqrt3}=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}$

So, this is the form of  $lx+my+nz = d$ the plane, where $l,\ m,\ n$ are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.

$\therefore$ The direction cosines of the given line are $\frac{1}{\sqrt3},\ \frac{1}{\sqrt3},\ \frac{1}{\sqrt3}$ and the distance of the plane from the origin is $\frac{1}{\sqrt3}$ units.

2x + 3y - z = 5

Given the equation of plane is $2x+3y-z=5$  

So, the direction ratios of normal from the above equation are, $2,\3,\ and\ -1$.

Therefore $\sqrt{2^2+3^2+(-1)^2} =\sqrt{14}$

Then dividing both sides of the plane equation by $\sqrt{14}$, we get

$\frac{2x}{\sqrt{14}}+\frac{3y}{\sqrt{14}}-\frac{z}{\sqrt{14}}=\frac{5}{\sqrt{14}}$

So, this is the form of  $lx+my+nz = d$ the plane, where $l,\ m,\ n$ are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.

$\therefore$ The direction cosines of the given line are $\frac{2}{\sqrt{14}},\ \frac{3}{\sqrt{14}},\ \frac{-1}{\sqrt{14}}$ and the distance of the plane from the origin is $\frac{5}{\sqrt{14}}$ units.

5y + 8 = 0

Given the equation of plane is $5y+8=0$  or we can write $0x-5y+0z=8$

So, the direction ratios of normal from the above equation are, $0,\ -5,\ and\ 0$.

Therefore $\sqrt{0^2+(-5)^2+0^2} =5$

Then dividing both sides of the plane equation by $5$, we get

$-y = \frac{8}{5}$

So, this is the form of  $lx+my+nz = d$ the plane, where $l,\ m,\ n$ are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.

$\therefore$ The direction cosines of the given line are $0,\ -1,\ and\ 0$ and the distance of the plane from the origin is $\frac{8}{5}$ units.

We have given the distance between the plane and origin equal to 7 units and normal to the vector $3\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}-6\widehat{k}$.

So, it is known that the equation of the plane with position vector $\vec{r}$ is given by, the relation,

$\vec{r}.\widehat{n} =d$ , where d is the distance of the plane from the origin.

Calculating $\widehat{n}$;

$\widehat{n} = \frac{\vec{n}}{|\vec{n}|} = \frac{3\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}-6\widehat{k}}{\sqrt{(3)^2+(5)^2+(6)^2}} = \frac{3\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}-6\widehat{k}}{\sqrt{70}}$

$\vec{r}.\left ( \frac{3\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}-6\widehat{k}}{\sqrt{70}} \right ) = 7$  is the vector equation of the required plane.

Question:3(a) Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:

$\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k})=2$

Given the equation of the plane $\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k})=2$

So we have to find the Cartesian equation,

Any point $A (x,y,z)$ on this plane will satisfy the equation and its position vector given by,

$\vec{r}=x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}-z\widehat{k}$

Hence we have,

$(x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}).(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}) =2$

Or,  $x+y-z=2$

Therefore this is the required Cartesian equation of the plane.

Question:3(b) Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:

$\overrightarrow{r}.(2\widehat{i}+3\widehat{i}-4\widehat{k})=1$

Given the equation of plane $\overrightarrow{r}.(2\widehat{i}+3\widehat{i}-4\widehat{k})=1$

So we have to find the Cartesian equation,

Any point $A (x,y,z)$ on this plane will satisfy the equation and its position vector given by,

$\vec{r}=x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}-z\widehat{k}$

Hence we have,

$(x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}).(2\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}-4\widehat{k}) =1$

Or,  $2x+3y-4z=1$

Therefore this is the required Cartesian equation of the plane.

Question:3(c) Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:

$\overrightarrow{r}.\left [ \left ( s-2t \right )\widehat{i}+(3-t) \widehat{j}+(2s+t)\widehat{k}\right ]=15$

Given the equation of plane $\overrightarrow{r}.\left [ \left ( s-2t \right )\widehat{i}+(3-t) \widehat{j}+(2s+t)\widehat{k}\right ]=15$

So we have to find the Cartesian equation,

Any point $A (x,y,z)$ on this plane will satisfy the equation and its position vector given by,  $\vec{r}=x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}-z\widehat{k}$

Hence we have,

$(x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}).\left [ \left ( s-2t \right )\widehat{i}+(3-t) \widehat{j}+(2s+t)\widehat{k}\right] =15$

Or,  $(s-2t)x+(3-t)y+(2s+t)z=15$

Therefore this is the required Cartesian equation of the plane.

2 x + 3y + 4 z - 12 = 0

Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$

Given a plane equation $2x+3y+4z-12=0$,

Or, $2x+3y+4z=12$

The direction ratios of the normal of the plane are $2,\ 3,\and\ 4$.

Therefore $\sqrt{(2)^2+(3)^2+(4)^2} = \sqrt{29}$

So, now dividing both sides of the equation by $\sqrt{29}$ we will obtain,

$\frac{2}{\sqrt{29}}x+\frac{3}{\sqrt{29}}y+\frac{4}{\sqrt{29}}z = \frac{12}{\sqrt{29}}$

This equation is similar to $lx+my+nz = d$ where, $l,\ m,\ n$ are the directions cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.

Then finding the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by $(ld,md,nd)$

$\therefore$ The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are;

$\left [ \frac{2}{\sqrt{29}}.\frac{12}{\sqrt{29}},\frac{3}{\sqrt{29}}.\frac{12}{\sqrt{29}},\frac{4}{\sqrt{29}}.\frac{12}{\sqrt{29}} \right ]$  or  $\left [ \frac{24}{29}, \frac{36}{49}, \frac{48}{29} \right ]$

3y + 4z - 6 =  0

Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$

Given a plane equation $3y+4z-6=0$,

Or, $0x+3y+4z=6$

The direction ratios of the normal of the plane are $0,\ 3,\and\ 4$.

Therefore $\sqrt{(0)^2+(3)^2+(4)^2} = 5$

So, now dividing both sides of the equation by $5$ we will obtain,

$0x+\frac{3}{5}y+\frac{4}{5}z = \frac{6}{5}$

This equation is similar to $lx+my+nz = d$ where, $l,\ m,\ n$ are the directions cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.

Then finding the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by $(ld,md,nd)$

$\therefore$ The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are;

$\left (0,\frac{3}{5}.\frac{6}{5},\frac{4}{5}.\frac{6}{5} \right )$  or  $\left ( 0, \frac{18}{25}, \frac{24}{25} \right )$

x + y + z = 1

Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$

Given plane equation $x+y+z=1$.

The direction ratios of the normal of the plane are $1,\ 1,\and\ 1$.

Therefore $\sqrt{(1)^2+(1)^2+(1)^2} = \sqrt3$

So, now dividing both sides of the equation by $\sqrt3$ we will obtain,

$\frac{x}{\sqrt3}+\frac{y}{\sqrt3}+\frac{z}{\sqrt3} = \frac{1}{\sqrt3}$

This equation is similar to $lx+my+nz = d$ where, $l,\ m,\ n$ are the directions cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.

Then finding the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by $(ld,md,nd)$

$\therefore$ The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are;

$\left ( \frac{1}{\sqrt3}.\frac{1}{\sqrt3},\frac{1}{\sqrt3}.\frac{1}{\sqrt3},\frac{1}{\sqrt3}.\frac{1}{\sqrt3} \right )$  or  $\left ( \frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3} \right )$..

5y + 8 = 0

Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$

Given plane equation $5y+8=0$.

or written as $0x-5y+0z=8$

The direction ratios of the normal of the plane are $0,\ -5,\and\ 0$.

Therefore $\sqrt{(0)^2+(-5)^2+(0)^2} = 5$

So, now dividing both sides of the equation by $5$ we will obtain,

$-y=\frac{8}{5}$

This equation is similar to $lx+my+nz = d$ where, $l,\ m,\ n$ are the directions cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.

Then finding the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by $(ld,md,nd)$

$\therefore$ The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are;

$\left ( 0,-1(\frac{8}{5}),0 \right )$  or  $\left ( 0,\frac{-8}{5},0 \right )$.

Given the point $A (1,0,-2)$ and the normal vector $\widehat{n}$ which is perpendicular to the plane is $\widehat{n} = \widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}$

The position vector of point A is $\vec {a} = \widehat{i}-2\widehat{k}$

So, the vector equation of the plane would be given by,

$(\vec{r}-\vec{a}).\widehat{n} = 0$

Or $\left [ \vec{r}-(\widehat{i}-2\widehat{k}) \right ].(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}) = 0$

where $\vec{r}$ is the position vector of any arbitrary point $A(x,y,z)$ in the plane.

$\therefore$ $\vec{r} = x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}$

Therefore, the equation we get,

$\left [(x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k})-(\widehat{i}-2\widehat{k}) \right ].(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}) = 0$

$\Rightarrow \left [(x-1)\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+(z+2)\widehat{k}\right ].(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k}) = 0$

$\Rightarrow(x-1)+y-(z+2) = 0$

$\Rightarrow x+y-z-3=0$    or   $x+y-z=3$

So, this is the required Cartesian equation of the plane.

that passes through the point (1,4, 6) and the normal vector to the plane is $\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}$.

Given the point $A (1,4,6)$ and the normal vector $\widehat{n}$ which is perpendicular to the plane is $\widehat{n} = \widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}$

The position vector of point A is $\vec {a} = \widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}$

So, the vector equation of the plane would be given by,

$(\vec{r}-\vec{a}).\widehat{n} = 0$

Or $\left [ \vec{r}-(\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}) \right ].(\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}) = 0$

where $\vec{r}$ is the position vector of any arbitrary point $A(x,y,z)$ in the plane.

$\therefore$ $\vec{r} = x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}$

Therefore, the equation we get,

$\left [ (x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k})-(\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}+6\widehat{k}) \right ].(\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}) = 0$

$\Rightarrow \left [(x-1)\widehat{i}+(y-4)\widehat{j}+(z-6)\widehat{k}\right ].(\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+\widehat{k}) = 0$

$(x-1)-2(y-4)+(z-6)=0$

$\Rightarrow x-2y+z+1=0$

So, this is the required Cartesian equation of the plane.

(1, 1, – 1), (6, 4, – 5), (– 4, – 2, 3)

The equation of the plane which passes through the three points $A(1,1,-1),\ B(6,4,-5),\ and\ C(-4,-2,3)$  is given by;

Determinant method,

$\begin{vmatrix} 1 &1 &-1 \\ 6& 4 & -5\\ -4& -2 &3 \end{vmatrix} = (12-10)-(18-20)-(-12+16)$

Or, $= 2+2-4 = 0$

Here, these three points A, B, C are collinear points.

Hence there will be an infinite number of planes possible which passing through the given points.

(1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (– 2, 2, – 1)

The equation of the plane which passes through the three points $A(1,1,0),\ B(1,2,1),\ and\ C(-2,2,-1)$  is given by;

Determinant method,

$\begin{vmatrix} 1 &1 &0 \\ 1& 2 & 1\\ -2& 2 &-1 \end{vmatrix} = (-2-2)-(2+2)= -8 \neq 0$

As determinant value is not equal to zero hence there must be a plane that passes through the points A, B, and C.

Finding the equation of the plane through the points, $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}), (x_{2},y_{2},z_{2})\ and\ (x_{3},y_{3},z_{3})$

$\begin{vmatrix} x-x_{1} &y-y_{1} &z-z_{1} \\ x_{2}-x_{1} &y_{2}-y_{1} &z_{2}-z_{1} \\ x_{3}-x_{1}&y_{3}-y_{1} &z_{3}-z_{1} \end{vmatrix} = 0$

After substituting the values in the determinant we get,

$\begin{vmatrix} x-1 &y-1 &z \\ 0& 1 &1 \\ -3& 1&-1 \end{vmatrix} = 0$

$\Rightarrow(x-1)(-1-1)-(y-1)(0+3)+z(0+3) = 0$

$\Rightarrow-2x+2-3y+3+3z = 0$

$2x+3y-3z = 5$

So, this is the required Cartesian equation of the plane.

Given plane  $2x + y-z = 5$

We have to find the intercepts that this plane would make so,

Making it look like intercept form first:

By dividing both sides of the equation by 5 (as we have to make the R.H.S =1) , we get then,

$\frac{2}{5}x+\frac{y}{5}-\frac{z}{5} =1$

$\Rightarrow \frac{x}{\frac{5}{2}}+\frac{y}{5}+\frac{z}{-5} =1$

So, as we know that from the equation of a plane in intercept form,$\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c} = 1$ where a,b,c are the intercepts cut off by the plane at x,y, and z-axes respectively.

Therefore after comparison, we get the values of a,b, and c.

$a = \frac{5}{2},\ b=5,\ and\ c=-5$.

Hence the intercepts are $\frac{5}{2},\ 5,\ and\ -5$.

Given that the plane is parallel to the ZOX plane.

So, we have the equation of plane ZOX as  $y = 0$.

And an intercept of 3 on the y-axis $\Rightarrow b =3$

Intercept form of a plane given by;

$\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c} = 1$

So, here the plane would be parallel to the x and z-axes both.

we have any plane parallel to it is of the form, $y=a$.

Equation of the plane required is $y=3$.

The equation of any plane through the intersection of the planes,

$3x-y+2z-4=0\ and\ x+y+z-2=0$

Can be written in the form of; $(3x-y+2z-4)\ +\alpha( x+y+z-2)= 0$, where $\alpha \epsilon R$

So, the plane passes through the point $(2,2,1)$, will satisfy the above equation.

$(3\times2-2+2\times1-4)+\alpha(2+2+1-2) = 0$

That implies $2+3\alpha= 0$

$\alpha = \frac{-2}{3}$

Now, substituting the value of $\alpha$ in the equation above we get the final equation of the plane;

$(3x-y+2z-4)\ +\alpha( x+y+z-2)= 0$

$(3x-y+2z-4)\ +\frac{-2}{3}( x+y+z-2)= 0$

$\Rightarrow 9x-3y+6z-12\ -2 x-2y-2z+4= 0$

$\Rightarrow 7x-5y+4z-8= 0$ is the required equation of the plane.

Here $\vec{n_{1}} =2 \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}$ and $\vec{n_{2}} = 2\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}$

and $d_{1} = 7$  and  $d_{2} = 9$

Hence, using the relation $\vec{r}.(\vec{n_{1}}+\lambda\vec{n_{2}}) = d_{1}+\lambda d_{2}$, we get

$\vec{r}.[2\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}+\lambda(2\widehat{i}+5\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})] = 7+9\lambda$

or     $\vec{r}.[(2+2\lambda)\widehat{i}+(2+5\lambda)\widehat{j}+(3\lambda-3)\widehat{k}] = 7+9\lambda$             ..............(1)

where, $\lambda$ is some real number.

Taking $\vec{r} = x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}$, we get

$(\vec{x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}}).[(2+2\lambda)\widehat{i}+(2+5\lambda)\widehat{j}+(3\lambda-3)\widehat{k}] = 7+9\lambda$

or   $x(2+2\lambda) + y(2+5\lambda) +z(3\lambda-3) = 7+9\lambda$

or   $2x+2y-3z-7 + \lambda(2x+5y+3z-9) = 0$                       .............(2)

Given that the plane passes through the point $(2,1,3)$, it must satisfy (2), i.e.,

$(4+2-9-7) + \lambda(4+5+9-9) = 0$

or                $\lambda = \frac{10}{9}$

Putting the values of $\lambda$ in (1), we get

$\vec{r}\left [\left ( 2+\frac{20}{9} \right )\widehat{i}+\left ( 2+\frac{50}{9} \right )\widehat{j}+\left ( \frac{10}{3}-3 \right )\widehat{k} \right ] = 7+10$

or       $\vec{r}\left ( \frac{38}{9}\widehat{i}+\frac{68}{9}\widehat{j}+\frac{1}{3}\widehat{k} \right ) = 17$

or      $\vec{r}.\left ( 38\widehat{i}+68\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k} \right ) = 153$

which is the required vector equation of the plane.

The equation of the plane through the intersection of the given two planes, $x+y+z =1$  and  $2x+3y+4z =5$ is given in Cartesian form as;

$(x+y+z-1) +\lambda(2x+3y+4z -5) = 0$

or $(1+2\lambda)x(1+3\lambda)y+(1+4\lambda)z-(1+5\lambda) = 0$             ..................(1)

So, the direction ratios of (1) plane are $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ which are $(1+2\lambda),(1+3\lambda),\ and\ (1+4\lambda)$.

Then, the plane in equation (1) is perpendicular to $x-y+z= 0$ whose direction ratios $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$ are $1,-1,\ and\ 1$.

As planes are perpendicular then,

$a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

we get,

$(1+2\lambda) -(1+3\lambda)+(1+4\lambda) = 0$

or  $1+3\lambda = 0$

or  $\lambda = -\frac{1}{3}$

Then we will substitute the values of $\lambda$ in the equation (1), we get

$\frac{1}{3}x-\frac{1}{3}z+\frac{2}{3} = 0$

or   $x-z+2=0$

This is the required equation of the plane.

Given two vector equations of plane

$\overrightarrow{r}.(2\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k})= 5$ and $\overrightarrow{r}.(3\widehat{i}-3\widehat{j}+5\widehat{k})= 3$.

Here, $\vec{n_{1}} = 2\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}$  and  $\vec{n_{2}} = 3\widehat{i}-3\widehat{j}+5\widehat{k}$

The formula for finding the angle between two planes,

$\cos A = \left | \frac{\vec{n_{1}}.\vec{n_{2}}}{|\vec{n_{1}}||\vec{n_{2}}|} \right |$                                         .............................(1)

$\vec{n_{1}}.\vec{n_{2}} = (2\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k})(3\widehat{i}-3\widehat{j}+5\widehat{k}) = 2(3)+2(-3)-3(5) = -15$

$|\vec{n_{1}}| =\sqrt{(2)^2+(2)^2+(-3)^2} =\sqrt{17}$

and       $|\vec{n_{2}}| =\sqrt{(3)^2+(-3)^2+(5)^2} =\sqrt{43}$

Now, we can substitute the values in the angle formula (1) to get,

$\cos A = \left | \frac{-15}{\sqrt{17}\sqrt{43}} \right |$

or  $\cos A =\frac{15}{\sqrt{731}}$

or  $A = \cos^{-1}\left ( \frac{15}{\sqrt{731}} \right )$

7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and 3x – y – 10z + 4 = 0

Two planes

$L_{1}:a_{1}x+b_{1}y+c_{1}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ and $L_{2}:a_{2}x+b_{2}y+c_{2}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$,

are said to Parallel:

If, $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

and Perpendicular:

If, $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

And the angle between $L_{1}\ and\ L_{2}$ is given by the relation,

$A = \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}}{\sqrt{a_{1}^2+b_{1}^2+c_{1}^2}.\sqrt{a_{2}^2+b_{2}^2+c_{2}^2}} \right |$
So, given two planes  $7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0\ and\ 3x -y - 10z + 4 = 0$

Here,

$a_{1} = 7,b_{1} = 5, c_{1} = 6$   and   $a_{2} = 3,b_{2} = -1, c_{2} = -10$

So, applying each condition to check:

Parallel check:   $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} =\frac{7}{3}, \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{5}{-1},\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}} = \frac{6}{-10}$

Clearly, the given planes are NOT parallel.$\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} \neq \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} \neq \frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

Perpendicular check: $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

$\Rightarrow 7(3)+5(-1)+6(-10) = 21-5-60 = -44 \neq 0$.

Clearly, the given planes are NOT perpendicular.

Then find the angle between them,

$A = \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}}{\sqrt{a_{1}^2+b_{1}^2+c_{1}^2}.\sqrt{a_{2}^2+b_{2}^2+c_{2}^2}} \right |$

$= \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{-44}{\sqrt{7^2+5^2+6^2}.\sqrt{3^2+(-1)^2+(-10)^2}} \right |$

$= \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{-44}{\sqrt{110}.\sqrt{110}} \right |$

$= \cos^{-1}\left ( \frac{44}{110} \right )$

$= \cos^{-1}\left ( \frac{2}{5} \right )$

2x + y + 3z – 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 5 = 0

Two planes

$L_{1}:a_{1}x+b_{1}y+c_{1}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ and $L_{2}:a_{2}x+b_{2}y+c_{2}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$,

are said to Parallel:

If, $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

and Perpendicular:

If, $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

And the angle between $L_{1}\ and\ L_{2}$ is given by the relation,

$A = \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}}{\sqrt{a_{1}^2+b_{1}^2+c_{1}^2}.\sqrt{a_{2}^2+b_{2}^2+c_{2}^2}} \right |$
So, given two planes  $2x + y + 3z -2 = 0\ and\ x -2y + 5 = 0$

Here,

$a_{1} = 2,b_{1} = 1, c_{1} = 3$   and   $a_{2} = 1,b_{2} = -2, c_{2} = 0$

So, applying each condition to check:

Perpendicular check: $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

$\Rightarrow 2(1)+1(-2)+3(0) = 2-2+0 = 0$.

Thus, the given planes are perpendicular to each other.

2x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 and 3x – 3y + 6z – 1 = 0

Two planes

$L_{1}:a_{1}x+b_{1}y+c_{1}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ and $L_{2}:a_{2}x+b_{2}y+c_{2}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$,

are said to Parallel:

If, $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

and Perpendicular:

If, $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

And the angle between $L_{1}\ and\ L_{2}$ is given by the relation,

$A = \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}}{\sqrt{a_{1}^2+b_{1}^2+c_{1}^2}.\sqrt{a_{2}^2+b_{2}^2+c_{2}^2}} \right |$
So, given two planes  $2x - 2y + 4z + 5 = 0\ and\ 3x -3y +6z -1 = 0$

Here,

$a_{1} = 2,b_{1} = -2, c_{1} = 4$   and   $a_{2} = 3,b_{2} = -3, c_{2} = 6$

So, applying each condition to check:

Parallel check:   $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} =\frac{2}{3}, \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{-2}{-3}=\frac{2}{3},\ and\ \frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}} = \frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3}$

Thus, the given planes are parallel as  $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} = \frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0

Two planes

$L_{1}:a_{1}x+b_{1}y+c_{1}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ and $L_{2}:a_{2}x+b_{2}y+c_{2}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$,

are said to Parallel:

If, $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

and Perpendicular:

If, $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

And the angle between $L_{1}\ and\ L_{2}$ is given by the relation,

$A = \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}}{\sqrt{a_{1}^2+b_{1}^2+c_{1}^2}.\sqrt{a_{2}^2+b_{2}^2+c_{2}^2}} \right |$
So, given two planes  $2x - y + 3z -1 = 0\ and\ 2x -y +3z + 3 = 0$

Here,

$a_{1} = 2,b_{1} = -1, c_{1} = 3$   and   $a_{2} = 2,b_{2} = -1, c_{2} = 3$

So, applying each condition to check:

Parallel check:   $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} =\frac{2}{2}=1, \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{-1}{-1} =1,\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}} = \frac{3}{3} = 1$

Therefore $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} = \frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

Thus, the given planes are parallel to each other.

4x + 8y + z – 8 = 0 and y + z – 4 = 0

Two planes

$L_{1}:a_{1}x+b_{1}y+c_{1}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}$ and $L_{2}:a_{2}x+b_{2}y+c_{2}z = 0$ whose direction ratios are $a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$,

are said to Parallel:

If, $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

and Perpendicular:

If, $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

And the angle between $L_{1}\ and\ L_{2}$ is given by the relation,

$A = \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}}{\sqrt{a_{1}^2+b_{1}^2+c_{1}^2}.\sqrt{a_{2}^2+b_{2}^2+c_{2}^2}} \right |$
So, given two planes  $4x + 8y + z -8 = 0\ and\ y + z - 4 = 0$

Here,

$a_{1} = 4,b_{1} = 8, c_{1} = 1$   and   $a_{2} = 0,b_{2} = 1, c_{2} = 1$

So, applying each condition to check:

Parallel check:   $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} =\frac{4}{0}, \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{8}{1},\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}} = \frac{1}{1}$

Clearly, the given planes are NOT parallel as  $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} \neq \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} \neq \frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$.

Perpendicular check: $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

$\Rightarrow 4(0)+8(1)+1(1) =0+8+1 = 9 \neq 0$.

Clearly, the given planes are NOT perpendicular.

Then finding the angle between them,

$A = \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}}{\sqrt{a_{1}^2+b_{1}^2+c_{1}^2}.\sqrt{a_{2}^2+b_{2}^2+c_{2}^2}} \right |$

$= \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{9}{\sqrt{4^2+8^2+1^2}.\sqrt{0^2+1^2+1^2}} \right |$

$= \cos^{-1}\left | \frac{9}{\sqrt{81}.\sqrt{2}} \right |$

$= \cos^{-1}\left ( \frac{9}{9\sqrt{2}} \right ) = \cos^{-1}\left ( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right )$

$= 45^{\circ}$

 POINT PLANE a. (0, 0, 0) 3x – 4y + 12 z = 3 b. (3, – 2, 1) 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 c. (2, 3, – 5) x + 2y – 2z = 9 d. (– 6, 0, 0) 2x – 3y + 6z – 2 = 0

We know that the distance between a point $P (x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$ and a plane $Ax+By+Cz =D$ is given by,

$d =\left | \frac{Ax_{1}+By_{1}+Cz_{1}-D}{\sqrt{A^2+B^2+C^2}} \right |$                                   .......................(1)

So, calculating for each case;

(a) Point $(0,0,0)$ and Plane $3x-4y+12z = 3$

Therefore, $d =\left | \frac{3(0)-4(0)+12(0)-3}{\sqrt{3^2+(-4)^2+12^2}} \right | = \frac{3}{\sqrt{169}} = \frac{3}{13}$

(b) Point $(3,-2,1)$ and Plane $2x-y+2z +3= 0$

Therefore, $d =\left | \frac{2(3)-(-2)+2(1)+3}{\sqrt{2^2+(-1)^2+2^2}} \right | = \frac{13}{3}$

(c) Point $(2,3,-5)$ and Plane $x+2y-2z =9$

Therefore, $d =\left | \frac{2+2(3)-2(-5)-9}{\sqrt{1^2+2^2+(-2)^2}} \right | = \frac{9}{3} = 3$

(d) Point $(-6,0,0)$ and Plane $2x-3y+6z -2= 0$

Therefore, $d =\left | \frac{2(-6)-3(0)+6(0)-2}{\sqrt{2^2+(-3)^2+6^2}} \right | = \frac{-14}{\sqrt{49}} = \frac{14}{7} =2$

## CBSE NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 11 three dimensional geometry-Miscellaneous Exercise

We can assume the line joining the origin, be OA where $O(0,0,0)$ and the point $A(2,1,1)$ and PQ be the line joining the points $P(3,5,-1)$ and $Q(4,3,-1)$.

Then the direction ratios of the line OA will be $(2-0),(1-0),\ and\ (1-0) = 2,1,1$  and that of line PQ will be

$(4-3),(3-5),\ and\ (-1+1) = 1,-2,0$

So to check whether line OA is perpendicular to line PQ then,

Applying the relation we know,

$a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

$\Rightarrow 2(1)+1(-2)+1(0) = 2-2+0 = 0$

Therefore OA is perpendicular to line PQ.

Given that $l_1,m_1,n_1\ and\ l_2,m_2,n_2$ are the direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines.

Therefore, we have the relation:

$l_{1}l_{2}+m_{1}m_{2}+n_{1}n_{2} = 0$                              .........................(1)

$l_{1}^2+m_{1}^2+n_{1}^2 =1\ and\ l_{2}^2+m_{2}^2+n_{2}^2 =1$         .............(2)

Now, let us assume $l,m,n$ be the new direction cosines of the lines which are perpendicular to the line with direction cosines.$l_1,m_1,n_1\ and\ l_2,m_2,n_2$

Therefore we have, $ll_{1}+mm_{1}+nn_{1} = 0 \and\ ll_{2}+mm_{2}+nn_{2} = 0$

Or, $\frac{l}{m_{1}n_{2}-m_{2}n_{1}} = \frac{m}{n_{1}l_{2}-n_{2}l_{1}} = \frac{n}{l_{1}m_{2}-l_{2}m_{1}}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{l^2}{(m_{1}n_{2}-m_{2}n_{1})^2} = \frac{m^2}{(n_{1}l_{2}-n_{2}l_{1})^2} = \frac{n^2}{(l_{1}m_{2}-l_{2}m_{1})^2}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{l^2+m^2+n^2}{(m_{1}n_{2}-m_{2}n_{1})^2 +(n_{1}l_{2}-n_{2}l_{1})^2+(l_{1}m_{2}-l_{2}m_{1})^2}$    ......(3)

So, l,m,n are the direction cosines of the line.

where, $l^2+m^2+n^2 =1$                                   ........................(4)

Then we know that,

$\Rightarrow (l_{1}^2+m_{1}^2+n_{1}^2)(l_{2}^2+m_{2}^2+n_{2}^2) - (l_{1}l_{2}+m_{1}m_{2}+n_{1}n_{2})^2$

$= (m_{1}n_{2}-m_{2}n_{1})^2 + (n_{1}l_{2}-n_{2}l_{1})^2+(l_{1}m_{2}-l_{2}m_{1})^2$

So, from the equation (1) and (2) we have,

$(1)(1) -(0) =(m_{1}n_{2}-m_{2}n_{1})^2 + (n_{1}l_{2}-n_{2}l_{1})^2+(l_{1}m_{2}-l_{2}m_{1})^2$

Therefore, $(m_{1}n_{2}-m_{2}n_{1})^2 + (n_{1}l_{2}-n_{2}l_{1})^2+(l_{1}m_{2}-l_{2}m_{1})^2 =1$     ..(5)

Now, we will substitute the values from the equation (4) and (5) in equation (3), to get

$\frac{l^2}{(m_{1}n_{2}-m_{2}n_{1})^2} = \frac{m^2}{(n_{1}l_{2}-n_{2}l_{1})^2} = \frac{n^2}{(l_{1}m_{2}-l_{2}m_{1})^2} =1$

Therefore we have the direction cosines of the required line as;

$l =m_{1}n_{2} - m_{2}n_{1}$

$m =n_{1}l_{2} - n_{2}l_{1}$

$n =l_{1}m_{2} - l_{2}m_{1}$

Given direction ratios $a,b,c$  and  $b-c,\ c-a,\ a-b$.

Thus the angle between the lines A is given by;

$A = \left | \frac{a(b-c)+b(c-a)+c(a-b)}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}.\sqrt{(b-c)^2+(c-a)^2+(a-b)^2}} \right |$

$\Rightarrow \cos A = 0$

$\Rightarrow A = \cos^{-1}(0) = 90^{\circ}$a

Thus, the angle between the lines is $90^{\circ}$

Equation of a line parallel to the x-axis and passing through the origin $(0,0,0)$ is itself x-axis.

So, let A be a point on the x-axis.

Therefore, the coordinates of A are given by $(a,0,0)$, where $a\epsilon R$.

Now, the direction ratios of OA are $(a-0) =a,0 , 0$

So, the equation of OA is given by,

$\frac{x-0}{a} = \frac{y-0}{0} = \frac{z-0}{0}$

or  $\Rightarrow \frac{x}{1} = \frac{y}{0} = \frac{z}{0} = a$

Thus, the equation of the line parallel to the x-axis and passing through origin is

$\frac{x}{1} = \frac{y}{0} = \frac{z}{0}$

Direction ratios of  AB are $(4-1),(5-2),(7-3) = 3,3,4$

and Direction ratios of CD are $(2-(-4)), (9-3), (2-(-6)) = 6,6,8$

So, it can be noticed that, $\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}} = \frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}} =\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}} = \frac{1}{2}$

Therefore, AB is parallel to CD.

Thus, we can easily say the angle between AB and CD which is either $0^{\circ}\ or\ 180^{\circ}$.

Given both lines are perpendicular so we have the relation; $a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2} = 0$

For the two lines whose direction ratios are known,

$a_{1},b_{1},c_{1}\ and\ a_{2},b_{2},c_{2}$

We have the direction ratios of the lines, $\frac{x-1}{-3}=\frac{y-2}{k}=\frac{z-3}{2}$  and  $\frac{x-1}{3k}=\frac{y-1}{1}=\frac{z-6}{-5}$  are $-3,2k,2$  and $3k,1,-5$ respectively.

Therefore applying the formula,

$-3(3k)+2k(1)+2(-5) = 0$

$\Rightarrow -9k +2k -10 = 0$

$\Rightarrow7k=-10$  or  $k= \frac{-10}{7}$

$\therefore$ For, $k= \frac{-10}{7}$ the lines are perpendicular.

Given that the plane is passing through the point $A (1,2,3)$ so, the position vector of the point A is $\vec{r_{A}} = \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}$  and perpendicular to the plane $\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-5\widehat{k})+9=0$ whose direction ratios are  $1,2,\ and\ -5$ and the normal vector is $\vec{n} = \widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-5\widehat{k}$

So, the equation of a line passing through a point and perpendicular to the given plane is given by,

$\vec{l} = \vec{r} + \lambda\vec{n}$, where $\lambda \epsilon R$

$\Rightarrow \vec{l} = (\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k}) + \lambda(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}-5\widehat{k})$

Given that the plane is passing through $(a,b,c)$ and is parallel to the plane $\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})=2$

So, we have

The position vector of the point $A(a,b,c)$ is, $\vec{r_{A}} = a\widehat{i}+b\widehat{j}+c\widehat{k}$

and any plane which is parallel to the plane, $\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})=2$ is of the form,

$\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})=\lambda$.                      .......................(1)

Therefore the equation we get,

$( a\widehat{i}+b\widehat{j}+c\widehat{k}).(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})=\lambda$

Or, $a+b+c = \lambda$

So, now substituting the value of $\lambda = a+b+c$ in equation (1), we get

$\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})=a+b+c$            .................(2)

So, this is the required equation of the plane .

Now, substituting $\vec{r} = x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}$ in equation (2), we get

$(x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}).(\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k})=a+b+c$

Or, $x+y+z = a+b+c$

Given lines are;

$\overrightarrow{r}=6\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}+\lambda (\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k})$  and

$\overrightarrow{r}=-4\widehat{i}-\widehat{k}+\mu(3\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k})$

So, we can find the shortest distance between two lines $\vec{r} = \vec{a_{1}}+\lambda \vec{b_{1}}$ and $\vec{r} = \vec{a_{1}}+\lambda \vec{b_{1}}$ by the formula,

$d = \left | \frac{(\vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}}).(\vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}})}{\left | \vec{b_{1}}\times\vec{b_{2}} \right |} \right |$                                               ...........................(1)

Now, we have from the comparisons of the given equations of lines.

$\vec{a_{1}} = 6\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}$     $\vec{b_{1}} = \widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}$

$\vec{a_{2}} = -4\widehat{i}-\widehat{k}$             $\vec{b_{2}} = 3\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}-2\widehat{k}$

So, $\vec{a_{2}} -\vec{a_{1}} = (-4\widehat{i}-\widehat{k}) -(6\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}) = -10\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}$

and $\Rightarrow \vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} = \begin{vmatrix} \widehat{i} &\widehat{j} &\widehat{k} \\ 1 &-2 &2 \\ 3& -2 &-2 \end{vmatrix} = (4+4)\widehat{i}-(-2-6)\widehat{j}+(-2+6)\widehat{k}$

$=8\widehat{i}+8\widehat{j}+4\widehat{k}$

$\therefore \left | \vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}} \right | = \sqrt{8^2+8^2+4^2} =12$

$(\vec{b_{1}}\times \vec{b_{2}}).(\vec{a_{2}}-\vec{a_{1}}) = (8\widehat{i}+8\widehat{j}+4\widehat{k}).(-10\widehat{i}-2\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k}) = -80-16-12 =-108$Now, substituting all values in equation (3) we get,

$d = | \frac{-108}{12}| = 9$

Hence the shortest distance between the two given lines is 9 units.

We know that the equation of the line that passes through the points $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$and $(x_{2},y_{2},z_{2})$ is given by the relation;

$\frac{x-x_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}} = \frac{y-y_{1}}{y_{2}-y_{1}} = \frac{z-z_{1}}{z_{2}-z_{1}}$

and the line passing through the points, $\frac{x-5}{3-5} =\frac{y-1}{4-1} = \frac{z-6}{1-6}$

$\implies \frac{x-5}{-2} = \frac{y-1}{3} = \frac{z-6}{-5} = k\ (say)$

$\implies x=5-2k,\ y=3k+1,\ z=6-5k$

And any point on the line is of the form $(5-2k,3k+1,6-5k)$.

So, the equation of the YZ plane is $x=0$

Since the line passes through YZ- plane,

we have then,

$5-2k = 0$

$\Rightarrow k =\frac{5}{2}$

or  $3k+1 = 3(\frac{5}{2})+1 = \frac{17}{2}$   and  $6-5k= 6-5(\frac{5}{2}) = \frac{-13}{2}$

So, therefore the required point is $\left ( 0,\frac{17}{2},\frac{-13}{2} \right )$

We know that the equation of the line that passes through the points $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$and $(x_{2},y_{2},z_{2})$ is given by the relation;

$\frac{x-x_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}} = \frac{y-y_{1}}{y_{2}-y_{1}} = \frac{z-z_{1}}{z_{2}-z_{1}}$

and the line passing through the points, $\frac{x-5}{3-5} =\frac{y-1}{4-1} = \frac{z-6}{1-6}$

$\implies \frac{x-5}{-2} = \frac{y-1}{3} = \frac{z-6}{-5} = k\ (say)$

$\implies x=5-2k,\ y=3k+1,\ z=6-5k$

And any point on the line is of the form $(5-2k,3k+1,6-5k)$.

So, the equation of ZX plane is $y=0$

Since the line passes through YZ- plane,

we have then,

$3k+1 = 0$

$\Rightarrow k =-\frac{1}{3}$

or  $5-2k = 5-2\left ( -\frac{1}{3} \right ) = \frac{17}{3}$   and  $6-5k= 6-5(\frac{-1}{3}) = \frac{23}{3}$

So, therefore the required point is $\left ( \frac{17}{3},0,\frac{23}{3} \right )$

We know that the equation of the line that passes through the points $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$and $(x_{2},y_{2},z_{2})$ is given by the relation;

$\frac{x-x_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}} = \frac{y-y_{1}}{y_{2}-y_{1}} = \frac{z-z_{1}}{z_{2}-z_{1}}$

and the line passing through the points, $(3,-4,-5)\ and\ (2,-3,1)$.

$\implies \frac{x-3}{2-3} = \frac{y+4}{-3+4} = \frac{z+5}{1+5} = k\ (say)$

$\implies \frac{x-3}{-1} = \frac{y+4}{-1} = \frac{z+5}{6} = k\ (say)$

$\implies x=3-k,\ y=k-4,\ z=6k-5$

And any point on the line is of the form.$(3-k,k-4,6k-5)$

This point lies on the plane, $2x+y+z = 7$

$\therefore 2(3-k)+(k-4)+(6k-5) = 7$

$\implies 5k-3=7$

or  $k =2$.

Hence, the coordinates of the required point are $(3-2,2-4,6(2)-5)$  or $(1,-2,7)$.

Given

two planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0.

the normal vectors  of these plane are

$n_1=\hat i+2\hat j+ 3\hat k$

$n_2=3\hat i+3\hat j+ \hat k$

Since the normal vector of the required plane is perpendicular to the normal vector of given planes, the required plane's normal vector will be :

$\vec n = \vec n_1\times\vec n_2$

$\vec n = (\hat i+2\hat j +3\hat k )\times (3\hat i + 3\hat j +\hat k)$

$\vec n =\begin{vmatrix} \hat i &\hat j &\hat k \\ 1 &2 &3 \\ 3& 3& 1 \end{vmatrix}=\hat i(2-9)-\hat j(1-9)+\hat k (3-6)$

$\vec n =-7\hat i+8\hat j-3\hat k$

Now, as we know

the equation of a plane in vector form is :

$\vec r\cdot\vec n=d$

$\vec r\cdot(-7\hat i+8\hat j-3\hat k)=d$

Now Since this plane passes through the point (-1,3,2)

$(-\hat i+3\hat j+2\hat k)\cdot(-7\hat i+8\hat j-3\hat k)=d$

$7+24-6=d$

$d=25$

Hence the equation of the plane is

$\vec r\cdot(-7\hat i+8\hat j-3\hat k)=25$

Given that the points $A(1,1,p)$ and $B(-3,0,1)$ are equidistant from the plane

$\overrightarrow{r}.(3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}-12\widehat{k})+13 =0$

So we can write the position vector through the point $(1,1,p)$ is $\vec{a_{1}} = \widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+p\widehat{k}$

Similarly, the position vector through the point $B(-3,0,1)$ is

$\vec{a_{2}} = -4\widehat{i}+\widehat{k}$

The equation of the given plane is $\overrightarrow{r}.(3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}-12\widehat{k})+13 =0$

and We know that the perpendicular distance between a point whose position vector is $\vec{a}$  and the plane, $\vec{n} = 3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}-12\widehat{k}$  and $d =-13$

Therefore, the distance between the point $A(1,1,p)$ and the given plane is

$D_{1} = \frac{\left | (\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+p\widehat{k}).(3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}-12\widehat{k})+13 \right |}{3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}-12\widehat{k}}$

$D_{1} = \frac{\left | 3+4-12p+13 \right |}{\sqrt{3^2+4^2+(-12)^2}}$

$D_{1} = \frac{\left | 20-12p \right |}{13}$           nbsp;                      .........................(1)

Similarly, the distance between the point $B(-1,0,1)$, and the given plane is

$D_{2} = \frac{\left | (-3\widehat{i}+\widehat{k}).(3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}-12\widehat{k})+13 \right |}{3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}-12\widehat{k}}$

$D_{2} = \frac{\left |-9-12+13 \right |}{\sqrt{3^2+4^2+(-12)^2}}$

$D_{2} = \frac{8}{13}$                                                             .........................(2)

And it is given that the distance between the required plane and the points, $A(1,1,p)$  and  $B(-3,0,1)$   is equal.

$\therefore D_{1} =D_{2}$

$\implies \frac{\left | 20-12p \right |}{13} =\frac{8}{13}$

therefore we have,

$\implies 12p =12$

or $p =1$  or  $p = \frac{7}{3}$

So, the given planes are:

$\overrightarrow{r}.\left ( \widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k} \right )=1$  and  $\overrightarrow{r}.\left (2 \widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}-\widehat{k} \right )+4=0$

The equation of any plane passing through the line of intersection of these planes is

$[\overrightarrow{r}.\left ( \widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k} \right )-1] + \lambda \left [ \overrightarrow{r}.\left (2 \widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}-\widehat{k} \right )+4\right ] = 0$

$\vec{r}.[(2\lambda+1)\widehat{i}+(3\lambda+1)\widehat{j}+(1-\lambda)\widehat{k}]+(4\lambda+1) = 0$           ..............(1)

Its direction ratios are $(2\lambda+1) , (3\lambda+1),$  and $(1-\lambda)$  = 0

The required plane is parallel to the x-axis.

Therefore, its normal is perpendicular to the x-axis.

The direction ratios of the x-axis are 1,0, and 0.

$\therefore \1.(2\lambda+1) + 0(\3\lambda+1)+0(1-\lambda) = 0$

$\implies 2\lambda+1 = 0$

$\implies \lambda = -\frac{1}{2}$

Substituting $\lambda = -\frac{1}{2}$ in equation (1), we obtain

$\implies \vec{r}.\left [ -\frac{1}{2}\widehat{j}+\frac{3}{2}\widehat{k} \right ]+(-3)= 0$

$\implies \vec{r}(\widehat{j}-3\widehat{k})+6= 0$

So, the Cartesian equation is $y -3z+6 = 0$

We have the coordinates of the points $O(0,0,0)$  and  $P(1,2,-3)$ respectively.

Therefore, the direction ratios of OP are $(1-0) = 1, (2-0)=2,\ and\ (-3-0)=-3$

And we know that the equation of the plane passing through the point $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$ is

$a(x-x_{1})+b(y-y_{1})+c(z-z_{1})=0$ where a,b,c are the direction ratios of normal.

Here, the direction ratios of normal are $1,2,$ and $-3$ and the point P is $(1,2,-3)$.

Thus, the equation of the required plane is

$1(x-1)+2(y-2)-3(z+3) = 0$

$\implies x+2y -3z-14 = 0$

The equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the given plane in  $\overrightarrow{r}.(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})-4=0,\overrightarrow{r}.\left ( 2\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k} \right )+5=0$

$\left [ \vec{r}.(\widehat{i}+2\widehat{j}+3\widehat{k})-4 \right ]+\lambda\left [ \vec{r}.\left ( 2\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}-\widehat{k} \right )+5 \right ] = 0$

$\vec{r}.[(2\lambda+1)\widehat{i}+(\lambda+2)\widehat{j}+(3-\lambda)\widehat{k}]+(5\lambda-4)= 0$       ,,,,,,,,,,,,,(1)

The plane in equation (1) is perpendicular to the plane,

$\vec{r}.\left ( 5\widehat{i}+3\widehat{j}-6\wideahat{k} \right ) +8 = 0$

Therefore $5(2\lambda+1)+3(\lambda+2) -6(3-\lambda) = 0$

$\implies 19\lambda -7 = 0$

$\implies \lambda = \frac{7}{19}$

Substituting $\lambda = \frac{7}{19}$ in equation (1), we obtain

$\implies \vec{r}.\left [ \frac{33}{19}\widehat{i}+\frac{45}{19}\widehat{j}+\frac{50}{19}\widehat{k} \right ] -\frac{41}{19} = 0$

$\implies \vec{r}.(33\widehat{i}+45\widehat{j}+50\widehat{k}) -41 = 0$                     .......................(4)

So, this is the vector equation of the required plane.

The Cartesian equation of this plane can be obtained by substituting $\implies \vec{r}= (x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k})$ in equation (1).

$(x\widehat{i}+y\widehat{j}+z\widehat{k}).(33\widehat{i}+45\widehat{j}+50\widehat{k}) -41 = 0$

Therefore we get the answer $33x+45y+50z -41 = 0$

Given,

Equation of a line :

$\overrightarrow{r}=2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}+ \lambda\left ( 3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k} \right )$

Equation of the plane

$\overrightarrow{r}.\left ( \widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+\widehat{k} \right )=5$

Let's first find out the point of intersection of line and plane.

putting the value of $\vec r$ into the equation of a plane from the equation from line

$\left (2\widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k}+ \lambda\left ( 3\widehat{i}+4\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k} \right ) \right )\cdot (\hat i-\hat j+\hat k)=5$

$(2+3\lambda)-(4\lambda -1)+(2+2\lambda)=5$

$\lambda+5=5$

$\lambda=0$

Now, from the equation, any  point p  in line is

$P=(2+3\lambda,4\lambda-1,2+2\lambda)$

So the point of intersection is

$P=(2+3*0,4*0-1,2+2*0)=(2,-1,2)$

SO, Now,

The distance between the points (-1,-5,-10) and (2,-1,2) is

$d=\sqrt{(2-(-1))^2+(-1-(-5))^2+(2-(-10))^2}=\sqrt{9+16+144}$

$d=\sqrt{169}=13$

Hence the required distance is 13.

Given

A point through which line passes

$\vec a=\hat i+2\hat j+3\hat k$

two plane

$\overrightarrow{r}.\left ( \widehat{i}-\widehat{j}+2\widehat{k} \right )=5$  And

$\overrightarrow{r}.\left ( 3\widehat{i}+\widehat{j}+\widehat{k} \right )=6$

it can be seen that normals of the planes are

$\vec n_1=\hat i-\hat j+2\hat k$

$\vec n_2=3\hat i+\hat j+\hat k$
since the line is parallel to both planes, its parallel vector will be perpendicular to normals of both planes.

So, a vector perpendicular to both these normal vector is

$\vec d=\vec n_1\times\vec n_2$

$\vec d=\begin{vmatrix} \hat i &\hat j & \hat k\\ 1 &-1 &2 \\ 3& 1 & 1 \end{vmatrix}=\hat i(-1-2)-\hat j(1-6)+\hat k(1+3)$

$\vec d=-3\hat i+5\hat j+4\hat k$

Now a line which passes through $\vec a$ and parallels to $\vec d$ is

$L=\vec a+\lambda\vec d$

So the required line is

$L=\vec a+\lambda\vec d$

$L=\hat i+2\hat j+3\hat k+\lambda(-3\hat i+5\hat j+4\hat k)$

$L=(1-3\lambda)\hat i+(2+5\lambda)\hat j+(3+4\lambda)\hat k$

$\frac{x-8}{3}=\frac{y+19}{-16}=\frac{z-10}{7}$ and $\frac{x-15}{3}=\frac{y-29}{8}=\frac{z-5}{-5}$

$\vec a= 3\hat i-16\hat j+7\hat k$ and