Oxidation
It is a process that involves the loss of electrons by the atoms or ions.
Reduction
It is a process that involves the gain of electrons by the atoms or ions.
Any reaction, in which the electrons are exchanged between atoms or ions, represents a simultaneous process of oxidation and reduction and is called as a Redox Reaction.
In a Redox Reaction, the species that loses electron (i.e., gets oxidised) is known as reducing agent or reductant, (since it causes reduction of other species), the species which accepts electrons from reductant (i.e., gets reduced) is known as oxidising agent or oxidant (as it causes oxidation of other species).
Oxidation State (O.S.): It refers to the hypothetical charge on atoms in a compound if all the bonds were assumed to be 100% ionic.
Oxidation state, many times, is also referred to as Oxidation Number.
This means oxidation number of an element in a compound is equal to the oxidation state of that element multiplied by total atoms of that element in a particular compound.
(i) In ionic compounds, it is simply the charge on corresponding cation and anion which is expressed as the oxidation state of that particular element. For example, the oxidation state of potassium and chlorine in potassium chloride (KCl) is simply +1 and –1 respectively as KCl is treated as K+Cl–.
Refer to the following examples where oxidation states are written above the atoms:
+2-1 | +2-2 | +3-1 | +1+6-2 |
MgCl2 | CaS | AlCl3 | K2SO4 |
NOTE: (a) In MgCl2 and AlCl3, -1 is the oxidation state of Cl.
(b) In each of the cases, the sum of oxidation number of all atoms of all kinds is equal to zero since the compound is neutral.
(ii) In Covalent Compounds, it is not so easy to assign oxidation state of an atom. In order to simplify the concept, we are going to define a set of rules which would enable us to assign oxidation state to every element in any compound.
Rules for Assigning Oxidation State (O.S.) and Oxidation Number (O.N.):
The algebraic sum of the oxidation number of all atoms in a neutral compound is equal to 0. The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in an ion (like PO43-) is equal to charge on the ion.
The oxidation states of Alkali Metals (Group IA) is +1 in all of their compounds and that of Alkaline Earth elements (Group IIA) is +2 in all of their compounds.
Hydrogen in almost all of its compounds is assigned an oxidation state of +1. The exception occurs when hydrogen forms compounds with strong metals like KH, NaH, MgH2, CaH2, etc. In all of these, the oxidation state of hydrogen is -1.
Oxygen in almost all of its compounds is assigned an oxidation state of -2. But in certain compounds like Peroxides(H2O2), the oxidation state of oxygen is -1. Another exception is OF2, where O.S. is +2. O2F2, where O.S. is +1 and KO2 in which O.S. is -1/2.
Fluorine is most electronegative element and is assigned an O.S. of -1, in all its compounds. For other halogens, O.S. is generally -1 except when they are bonded to a more electronegative halogen or oxygen. O.S. of iodine in IF7 is +7, O.S. of chlorine in KClO3 is +5.
Generally, an element with greater electronegativity is assigned -1 by hypothetical breaking of one covalent bond.
Exam | Chapter |
JEE MAIN | Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry |
Which of the following substances is oxidised in the following reaction:
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Select the redox change in the following reaction
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Oxidants are substances which
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In which compound does Vanadium have an oxidation number of +4?
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Which of the following is reduced in the following reaction?
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Select the type of redox change in the following reaction:
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Reductants are substances which
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When KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent and ultimately forms then the number of electrons transferred in each case respectively is
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Which of the following is a redox reaction?
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Which of the following chemical reactions depict the oxidising behaviour of ?
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Arrange in increasing order of oxidation number of N:
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Identify the oxidation number of V in ions respectively.
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Arrange the following in increasing order of oxidation number of Fe:
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Determine the oxidation numbers of the following:
N atoms in , Fe in
and Cr in
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The correct order of the oxidation states of nitrogen in and
is :
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What is the oxidation number of Cr in ?
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What is the oxidation number of Cr in ?
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What is the oxidation number of Ba in ?
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Which of the following metal has more oxidation number in ?
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What is the oxidation number of Na in NaH?
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Find the O.N. of Ca in ?
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What is the O.N. of Cl in ?
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What is the oxidation number of CI in CIF?
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The oxidation number of potassium in respectively is :
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Which of the following reactions is a redox reaction?
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Identify the process in which change in the oxidation state is five :
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In polythionic acid, $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}_x \mathrm{O}_6(x=3$ to 5$)$ the oxidation state(s) of sulphur is/are :
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Consider the following reduction processes
$\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{Zn}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{s}) ; \mathrm{E}^{\mathrm{o}}=-0.76 \mathrm{~V} \\ & \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{s}) ; \mathrm{E}^0=-2.87 \mathrm{~V} \\ & \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{s}) ; \mathrm{E}^0=-2.36 \mathrm{~V} \\ & \mathrm{Ni}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{s}) ; \mathrm{E}^0=-0.25 \mathrm{~V}\end{aligned}$
The reducing power of the metals increases in order:
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In reaction with stronger oxidizing agents like KIO4, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes with the evolution of O2The oxidation number of I in KIO4 changes to __________.
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Experimentally it was found that a metal oxide has formula M0.98O.Metal M, is present as M2+and M3+ in its oxide. Fraction of the metal which exists as M3+ would be:
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What is the oxidation number of P in P4?
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What is the sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in ?
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Find the oxidation number of the atom in
?
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What is the oxidation state of Mo in $\left(\mathrm{NH}_4\right)_6 \mathrm{Mo}_7 \mathrm{O}_{24}$
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Arrange the following species in decreasing order of oxidation numbers:
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The possible oxidation state of oxygen is
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In which of the following molecule nitrogen has highest oxidation state ?
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Oxidiation states of P in and
are respectively
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In Chromyl chloride, the oxidation state of chromium is (+) ______.
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Which element undergoes oxidation as well as reduction in the following reaction?
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The average oxidation states of sulphur in and
are:
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Match the following:
Compound(atom) | Oxidation State of Atom |
(I) |
(A) +1 |
(II) |
(B) -1 |
(III) |
(C) +2 |
(IV) |
(D) +7 |
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The oxidation number of Mn in is :
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Arrange the following compounds based on increasing oxidation state:
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In the reaction , the species that is oxidised and the species that is reduced is:
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Match the following:
compound | oxidation state |
(I) |
A) +6 |
(II) |
B) +1 |
(III) |
C) -2 |
(IV) |
D) +4 |
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Match the following:
compound | oxidation state |
(I) |
A) +2 |
(II) |
B) +7 |
(III) |
C) +6 |
(IV) |
D) +4 |
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For the reaction:
What is the oxidation state changes of Sulphur?
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What is the oxidation state of sulphur in Dithionic acid and sulfoxylic acid?
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Which of the following is a self-indicator?
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Eriochrome T is not used as an indicator for which of the following metals?
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Which of the following species do not disproportionate?
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What is the oxidation state of in
and
in
?
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What are the two oxidation states present in ?
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For the reaction: , what is the oxidation half reaction?
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Which of the following compounds exhibit a oxidation state for oxygen?
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What is the oxidation State of nitrogen in ?
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Match the following with the oxidation state of chlorine:
Compound | Oxidation state |
I) |
A) |
II) |
B) |
III) |
C) |
IV) |
D) |
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What are the two oxidation states in thiosulfurous acid?
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What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in peroxynitrous acid?
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Metaboric acid dehydrates to form pyroboric acid. What is the change in oxidation state change?
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Hypophosphate salts on standing in air convert into pyrophosphates. What is the change in oxidation state?
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How many of these oxoacids have sulphur in oxidation state?
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Which of the following sulfur oxoacids has sulfur in 0 oxidation state?
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Metaperiodic acid reacts with hot water to give
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Match the following:
Compound | Oxidation State |
I) |
A) |
II) |
B) |
III) |
C) |
IV) |
D) |
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Which of the following oxoacids have phosphorus in oxidation state?
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What is the oxidation state of in Ruthenic acid?
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Arrange the following oxoacids based on increasing oxidation state:
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$\mathrm{Br}_2+\underset{\text { hot }+ \text { conc. }}{\mathrm{NaOH}} \longrightarrow \mathrm{NaBr}+X+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$
Sum of stoichiometric coefficients of $\mathrm{Br}_2\: \: \&\: \: \mathrm{NaOH}$ in balanced equation is.
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From the given list, the number of compounds with +4 oxidation state of Sulphur is _________ .
$\mathrm{SO}_3, \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_3, \mathrm{SOCl}_2, \mathrm{SF}_4, \mathrm{BaSO}_4, \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$
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Which of the following cannot function as an oxidising agent?
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In chromyl chloride test for confirmation of $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$ion, a yellow solution is obtained. Acidification of the solution and addition of amyl alcohol and $10 \% \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}_2$ turns organic layer blue indicating formation of chromium pentoxide. The oxidation state of chromium in that is :
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The oxidation number of iron in the compound formed during brown ring test for $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$ion is_________.
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Reduction potential of ions are given below:
$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{ClO}_4^{-} & \mathrm{IO}_4^{-} & \mathrm{BrO}_4^{-} \\ \mathrm{E}^{\circ}=1.19 \mathrm{~V} & \mathrm{E}^{\circ}=1.65 \mathrm{~V} & \mathrm{E}^{\circ}=1.74 \mathrm{~V}\end{array}$
The correct order of their oxidizing power is.
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In the reaction of potassium dichromate, potassium chloride and sulfuric acid (conc.), the oxidation state of the chromium in the product is (+) ________ .
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In acidic medium, $\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$ shows oxidizing action as represented in the half reaction. $\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}+\mathrm{XH}^{+}+\mathrm{Ye}^{-} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{~A}+\mathrm{ZH}_2 \mathrm{O}$
$\mathrm{X}, \mathrm{Y}, \mathrm{Z}$ and $\mathrm{A}$ respectively are :
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Which of the following is not a redox reaction?
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Which of the following statements regarding sulphur is incorrect ?
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Oxidation number of Carbon in $\mathrm{C}_3 \mathrm{O}_2, \mathrm{Mg}_2 \mathrm{C}_3$ are respectively
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Oxidation involves:-
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Oxidation is a process in which
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Oxidation number of N in $\mathrm{HNO}_3$ is
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Oxidation number of lodine $\mathrm{IO}_3^{-}$is
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Oxidation number of Sulphur in $S_8$
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Oxidation states of P in $\mathrm{H}_4 \mathrm{P}_2 \mathrm{O}_5, \mathrm{H}_4 \mathrm{P}_2 \mathrm{O}_5, \mathrm{H}_4 \mathrm{P}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$, respectively are
A. |
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Conversion of $\mathrm{PbSO}_4$ to PBS is
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What volume of 3 molar $\mathrm{HNO}_3$ is needed to oxidise of 8 g of $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$ to $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ ? $\mathrm{HNO}_3$ get converted to NO :
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When $\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ act as an oxidising agent ultimately forms $\mathrm{MnO}_4^{2-}, \mathrm{MnO}_2, \mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$ and $\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}$ then the number of electrons transferred in each case are:
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Which act as a reducing agent?
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Which of the following arrangements represent increasing oxidation number of the central atom?
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Sum of oxidation state (magnitude) and coordination number of cobalt in $\mathrm{Na}\left[\mathrm{Co}(\right.$ bpy $\left.) \mathrm{Cl}_4\right]$ is _________.
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If potassium iodide (KI) acts as oxidizing agent, change occurs from, indicates presence of :-
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In which of the following compounds an element exhibits two different oxidation states ?
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In which of the following compounds iron has an oxidation number of +3.
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What is the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2 O72-
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Which of the following arrangements represents increasing oxidation number of central atom ?
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Which substance can act only as a reducing agent ?
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The oxidation number of nitrogen atoms in NH4NO3 are
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A weak acid is titrated with a weak base. Consider the following statements regarding the pH of the solution at the equivalence point:
(i) pH depends on the concentration of acid and base
(ii) pH is independent of the concentration of acid and base
(iii) pH depends on the $p K_a$ of acid and $p K_b$ of base
(iv) pH is independent of the $p K_a$ of acid and $p K_b$ of base
The correct statements are:
(A) Only (i) and (iii)
(B) Only (i) and (iv)
(C) Only (ii) and (iii)
(D) Only (ii) and (iv)
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The metal with the highest oxidation present in $\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{CrO}_4, \mathrm{NbCl}_5$ and $\mathrm{MnO}_2$ is
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The oxidising ability of the given anions follows the order
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The reaction, $\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7+m \mathrm{meSO}_4+n \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4 \rightarrow \mathrm{Cr}_2\left(\mathrm{SO}_4\right)_3+\mathrm{PFe}_2\left(\mathrm{SO}_4\right)_3+\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4+ \\ & q \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\end{aligned}$ when balanced, m.n, p and q are, respectively
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In the reaction $\mathrm{SO}_2+2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S} \rightarrow 3 \mathrm{~S}+2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ the substance that is oxidized is
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The formal oxidation numbers of Cr and Cl in the ions $\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}$ and $\mathrm{ClO}_3^{-}$, respectively, are:
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The oxidation number of sulphur is $+4$ in
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B. |
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The oxidation states of P atom in POCl3, H2PO3 and H4P2O6 , respectively, are
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The incorrect statements among the following is
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Which of the following oxidation reactions are carried out by both $\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$ and $\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ in acidic medium?
A. $\mathrm{I}^- \rightarrow \mathrm{I}_2$
B. $\mathrm{S}^{2-} \rightarrow \mathrm{~S}$
C. $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+} \rightarrow \mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$
D. ${I }^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{IO}_3^{-}$
E. $\mathrm{S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3{ }^{2-} \rightarrow \mathrm{SO}_4{ }^{2-}$
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
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The compound that can work both as an oxidising and reducing agent is
A. |
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B. |
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D. |
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Given below are two statements :
Statement (I) : The oxidation state of an element in a particular compound is the charge acquired by its atom on the basis of electron gain enthalpy consideration from other atoms in the molecule.
Statement (II) : $\mathrm{p} \pi-\mathrm{p} \pi$ bond formation is more prevalent in second period elements over other periods.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
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In which of the following compounds, an element exhibits two different oxidation states.
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B. |
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The exhibition of various oxidation states by an element is also related to the outer orbital electronic configuration of its atom. Atom(s) having which of the following outermost electronic configurations will exhibit more than one oxidation state in its compounds.
$\begin{aligned} & \text { (i) } 3 s^1 \\ & \text { (ii) } 3 d^1 4 s^2 \\ & \text { (iii) } 3 d^2 4 s^2 \\ & \text { (iv) } 3 s^2 3 p^3\end{aligned}$
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B. |
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D. |
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The most commonly used reducing agent is
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The oxidation number of an element in a compound is evaluated on the basis of certain rules. Which of the following rules is not correct in this respect?
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B. |
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D. |
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Thiosulphate reacts differently with iodine and bromine in the reactions given below:
$$
\begin{aligned}
& 2 \mathrm{~S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3^{2-}+\mathrm{I}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{~S}_4 \mathrm{O}_6^{2-}+2 \mathrm{I}^{-} \\
& \mathrm{S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3^{2-}+2 \mathrm{Br}_2+5 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}+2 \mathrm{Br}^{-}+10 \mathrm{H}^{+}
\end{aligned}
$$
Which of the following statements justifies the above dual behaviour of thiosulphate?
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For the given cell, $M g\left|M g^{2+}\right|\left|C u^{2+}\right| C u$
(i) $M g$ is cathode
(ii) Cu is cathode
(iii) The cell reaction is $\mathrm{Mg}+\mathrm{Cu}^{2+} \rightarrow \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}+\mathrm{Cu}$
(iv) Cu is the oxidising agent
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Only $2 \mathrm{~mL}$ of $\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ solution of unknown molarity is required to reach the end point of a titration of $20 \mathrm{~mL}$ of oxalic acid ( $2 \mathrm{M})$ in acidic medium. The molarity of $\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ solution should be _________ M.
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Oxidation Number of S in $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_5$ is
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Oxidation states of sulphur atoms in $S_4 O_6{ }^{-2}$ from left to right respectively are
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The basicity of thiosulphuric acid is
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The number of neutrons present in the more abundant isotope of boron is ' $\mathrm{x}$ '. Amorphous boron upon heating with air forms a product, in which the oxidation state of boron is ' $y$ '. The value of $x+y$ is ...
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The oxidation number of phosphurus in hypophosphoric acid is -
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The oxidation state of S in $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4$ is
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The oxidation states of iron atoms in compounds (A), (B) and (C), respectively, are x, y and z. The sum of x, y and z is______.
$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{Na}_4\left[\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{CN})_5(\mathrm{NOS})\right] & \mathrm{Na}_4\left[\mathrm{FeO}_4\right] & {\left[\mathrm{Fe}_2(\mathrm{CO})_9\right]} \\ (\mathrm{B}) & (\mathrm{C})\end{array}$
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The pair in which phosphorous atoms have a formal oxidation state of +3 is :
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The redox reaction among the following is:
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The total change in the oxidation state of manganese involved in the reaction of $\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ and potassium iodide in the acidic medium is __________ .
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The oxidation state of cobalt in the following molecules is
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Consider a titration of potassium dichromate solution with acidified Mohr’s salt solution using diphenylamine as an indicator. The number of moles of Mohr’s salt required per mole of dichromate is
(Response should be only in integer like 67 or 8).
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Among the following , identify the species with an atom in +6 oxidation state :
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A less obvious example of electron transfer is realised when hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water by the reaction: