Draw the circuit diagram of a common emitter transistor amplifier. Write the expression for its voltage gain. Explain, how the input and output signals differ in phase by .
The voltage gain of the amplifier
where
where is the input voltage
Since
The negative sign represents that output voltage is opposite out of phase with the input voltage. When input base voltage/current is increased the collector current increase, so the drop across collector resistance increases. Therefor output decreases. Thus input and output are out of phase.