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Draw the circuit diagram of a common emitter transistor amplifier. Write the expression for its voltage gain. Explain, how the input and output signals differ in phase by  180^{\circ}.

 

 

 

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The voltage gain of the amplifier
A_{v}= \frac{V_{0}}{V_{in}}= \frac{\bigtriangleup V_{cE}}{r\bigtriangleup I_{B}}
where r= R_{B}+r_{i}
where r_{i} is the input voltage
A_{V}= -\beta _{ac}\, \frac{R_{L}}{r}
Since \bigtriangleup V_{cE}= -\beta _{ac}R_{L}\bigtriangleup I_{B}
The negative sign represents that output voltage is opposite out of phase with the input voltage. When input base voltage/current is increased the collector current increase, so the drop across collector resistance increases. Therefor output decreases. Thus input and output are out of phase.
 

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Safeer PP

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