Write the name and principle of the method used for refining of (a) Tin, (b) Copper, (c) Nickel.
(a) Tin: Liquidation
Principle: It is based on the difference in the melting point of impurities and metals. i.e metal contains impurities that are also less feasible than metal themselves.
(b) Copper: Electrolytic Refining
Principle: The more electropositive impurities pass into solution as soluble salts while the less electropositive settle down as anode mod.
(c) Nickel: Mond's process
Principle: In this method, the crude metal is freed from impurities by first converting it into a suitable volatile compound by heating and then decomposing the volatile compound at some higher temperature to give the pure metal.