(a) 25 %

(b) 150%

(c) 20%

(d) 5%

(a) Let the whole quantity be X
Therefore, 5 % of X = 600

Thus the required whole quantity is 12000

(b) 12 % of X = Rs 1080

(c) 40 % of X = 500 km

(d) 70% of X = 14 minutes

(e) 8 % of X = 40 litre

Here per cent implies for ()

Therefore, 
(a) 15% of 250

= 37.5

(b) 1 of 1 hour
 = 1  of 60 minutes

 (c) 20  of Rs 2500
 

(d) 75 of 1 kg
We know that 1kg = 1000 gm, therefore, 

=0.75 kg

 

Thermal stability  size of the cation in carbonates

increasing order of cationic size in alkaline earth metal is  

Therefore the most thermal stable carbonates are of Barium

Ans. (d) 

Answer-

The smaller the size of ion higher is the charge density and high polarising power. And among the alkali metals, lithium-ion is the smallest in size and has the power to attract the water molecules.

Ans is (a) Li

The strength of metallic bond decreases down the group in the periodic table because as the size of cation increases the binding energies of their atoms in the crystal lattice decreases. 

order of melting point    

So, ans is (a) Na

(i)  is small in size so it has high polarising power and  is also small in size. Compatibility of both the cation and anion are very high. So their lattice energy is also very high. When BeO is dissolved in water it's hydration energy is not sufficient to overcome its lattice energy. So, therefore, it is insoluble in water.

On the other hand,  ions are large in size. Hence  ion can easily polarise  ions and making it unstable and  because of that lattice energy of  is not very high and so it is soluble in water.

(ii)  is soluble because  cation is large in size as compare to  anion. Size compatibility between them is not good. Therefore  is unstable. Hence lattice energy during the formation of their lattice is not high So it can be easily overcome by hydration energy. Therefore  is soluble in water. In case of , we know that down the group hydration enthalpy decreases and both the anion and cation have very good size compatibility. So, lattice energy cannot be overcome by hydration energy. As a result, is not soluble in water.

(iii)  The  ion has high polarising power. It is very small in size as compare to  ion. So, it has a high tendency to distort the electron cloud around the negative iodide () ion. As a result of high polarizability, it has high covalent character than. Hence it is more soluble in methanol.

(a)The balanced reaction between  and water-    

(b) the reaction between water and -

(c) reaction between  -

(a)  when sodium bicarbonate is added to water it gives sodium hydroxide (strong base). As a result, the solution becomes alkaline in nature.

(b) Because their oxides are themselves are a very strong reducing agent in nature. So, by chemical reduction, we cannot obtain alkali metals. Also, we cannot use electrolysis of the aqueous solution method because after liberating the metals they again react with water.( 

 [M = alkali metals]

(a) As we know that down the group ionic size increases. Lithium-ion is the smallest in size and we know smaller the size of ion, the more hydrated it is. So lithium ion is most hydrated and ion is bigger in size so it is least hydrated.

Greater the size of hydrated ion less is mobility. So that the order of mobility of ions

(b) Lithium unlike other alkali metals direct react with nitrogen and forms lithium nitride (). This is because lithium-ion is the smallest in size and therefore it has very high size compatibility with . Hence the lattice energy released is very high. 

(c)   Electrode potential () for  is depend on mainly three-factor- (i)ionisation enthalpy (ii)hydration enthalpy (iii)enthalpy of vaporisation.  But we consider the overall effect of these three factors that should be the same for all . Hence their electrode potential is constant.                                                                                                                                                                            

(i) When sodium metal dropped into water it reacts rapidly and forms sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

the chemical reaction is - 

(ii) sodium metal heated in the free supply of water-

 Sodium reacts vigorously with oxygen and forming sodium peroxides.

Reaction- 

(iii) when sodium peroxide dissolved in water it hydrolysed and produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide.

Reaction-  

Significance of sodium potassium, magnesium and calcium in biological fluids-

Sodium-

• It is mainly found in blood plasma and also in the interstitial fluid which surrounds the cell.
•  ions help in the transmission of nerve signals also for the regulating water in the plasma membrane.
• Also for the transport of sugars and amino acids into the cells.

Potassium-

•  These ions are highly present within cell fluids.
• Helps in activating many enzymes
• To produce ATP it oxidises the glucose molecule.
• Also helps in the transmission of nerve signals.

Magnesium and calcium-

•  Plays an important role in neuromuscular function (by magnesium), interneuronal transmission, cell membrane integrity and blood coagulation(by calcium) 
• Mg helps in maintains normal blood circulation in our body.

Both  ion and  ion are smaller in size. So their size compatibility is very high. Hence lattice energy during formation is very high and it is not overcome by the hydration energy. Therefore LiF is almost insoluble in water. On the other hand, cation and  anion have comparable size differences, therefore they have low lattice energy and because of small in size, lithium ion has high polarising power as a result is distort the electron cloud of chloride anion. As a result, there is some covalent character in . So, it soluble in water but also in acetone.

Lithium-ion is the smallest among the other alkali metal ions. Hence it has higher polarising power than others and so it can polarise water molecule more easily than other alkali metals. Hence the water molecules are more attracted towards Li salts as the water of crystallisation. Li+ has a maximum degree of hydration and for this reason, lithium salts are mostly hydrated, e.g., LiCl· 2H2O 

As the down the group size of ions increase, their polarising power decreases. Hence other alkali metal ions usually form anhydrous salts.

(i) Limestone- 

The chemical formula is . 

Importance of limstone is-

• It is used as a building material in the form of marble and in the manufacture of quick lime
• Calcium carbonate along with magnesium carbonate is used as a flux in the extraction of metals such as iron. 
• It is also used as an antacid, mild abrasive in tooth paste, a constituent of chewing gum, and a filler in cosmetics. 

(ii) Cement- 

 Cement is an important building material. It is amixture of triclcium silicate() and tricalium aluminate().

Importance of cement-

It is used in concrete and reinforced concrete, in plastering and in the construction of bridges, dams and buildings

(iii) Plaster of Paris-

It is a hemihydrate of calcium sulphate. It is obtained when gypsum, , is heated to 393 K. 

Importance of POP-

It is used in medicine as surgical bandages and also it is used for making casts and moulds.