Biodiversity loss and extinction processes can occur in two phases. The first phase is known as deterministic and often resulted from ?
Human threats such as habitat loss
Fragmentation and degradation
Direct exploitation of the species
All of the above
Biodiversity loss and extinction processes can occur in two phases. The first phase is known as deterministic and often resulted from human threats such as habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, direct exploitation of the species, competition from exotic and domestic species, and persecution and killing due to human-animal conflicts. The second phase is known as deterministic which resulted from failures in mitigating threats that eventually result in very small, fragmented, and isolated remnant populations. Then these small remnant populations become vulnerable to a number of other, nonhuman-caused threats mainly stochastic, genetic (genetic drift and inbreeding), and demographic events. Hence, the correct answer is option 4.