Help me understand! Pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without fungal associaton. This is because:

Pinus plant is devoid of root hair. So it has difficulty in absorbing water from the soil. A seed can only germinate after absorbing adequate amount of water. Hence, by the symbiotic association with fungi, pinus seed can germinate and grow. So the answer is option 2

Answer:3

2

Option 4

Mycorrhiza -

Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of a fungus with a root system. The fungi is extremely helpful for water and mineral absorption for the plants. Pinus seed have obligate association with mycorrhizae. They germinate only in the presence of fungus.

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Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of a fungus with a root system. The fungi is extremely helpful for water and mineral absorption for the plants. Pinus seed have obligate association with mycorrhizae. They germinate only in the presence of fungus.

its embryo is immature

it has a very hard seed coat

its seed contain inhibitors that prevents germinatiom.