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13. Describe the structure of the following with the help of labelled diagrams.

        (i) Nucleus

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The nucleus is the centrally placed, spherical structure found in the cell. It is the primary organelle that controls all the activities of a cell. The structure of the nucleus comprises of nuclear membrane enclosing nucleoplasm or nuclear matrix. 

1. Nuclear membrane- The membrane of the nucleus is a double-layered structure consisting of an outer and an inner layer. Both these layers are separated using perinuclear space. At some points, the two layers of the nuclear membrane are fused to form nuclear pores. Through these nuclear pores, the transport of molecules is allowed. 

2. Nucleoplasm/Nuclear matrix- It refers to the homogeneous, granular fluid present inside the nucleus. The nucleoplasm consists of nucleolus and chromatin material. The chromatin material is the DNA present complexed with proteins in the form of a long thread. It is mainly involved in the transmission of characteristics from one generation to another. The nucleolus, on the other hand, is the spherical structure lacking a membrane. It acts as the site of the ribosome formation. The nucleolus mainly consists of RNA and protein.

 

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