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11. Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic material. Also, name four common viral diseases.
Answers (1)
Viruses are acellular, nucleoprotein entities which are able to utilize the synthetic machinery of a living cell of another organism for its multiplication. It infects a variety of plants, animals and microbes.
Structure of viruses- A virus consists of two parts i.e. a nucleoid and capsid. An envelope is present in some cases. A few enzymes are also found.
1. Nucleoid- It represents the viral chromosome or genetic material of chromosomes. Nucleoid is made of a single molecule on nucleic acid that can be linear or circular. It is the infection- causing part of the virus. The genetic material of the virus can be either DNA or RNA. The DNA containing viruses are called deoxyviruses while RNA containing viruses are called riboviruses. The nucleic acid can be double-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, Single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA.
2. Capsid- It refers to the proteinaceous covering around the virus which protects the nucleoid from physical and chemical damage. The capsid contains a number of subunits called capsomeres.
3. Envelope- A loose membranous covering found in some animal viruses. It is rarely seen in plants and bacterial viruses. Based on the presence or absence of envelope, viruses can be enveloped or naked. The envelope consists of viral proteins, lipids, carbohydrates etc. It possesses subunits called peplomeres. The surface of the envelope may have outgrowths called spikes.
4. Enzymes- Viruses contain enzymes such as lysozyme, RNA polymerase, RNA transcriptase, reverse transcriptase etc.
Some common viral diseases are common cold, AIDs, swine flu, hepatitis.
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