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10. Solve the following crossword puzzle with the clues given:

Across
2. Plantation prevents it.
5. Use should be banned to avoid soil pollution.
6. Type of soil used for making pottery.
7. Living organism in the soil.

Down
1. In desert soil erosion occurs through.
3. Clay and loam are suitable for cereals like.
4. This type of soil can hold very little water.
5. Collective name for layers of soil.

 

Across: 

2. EROSION

5. POLYTHENE

6. CLAY

7. EARTHWORM

Down:

1. WIND

3. WHEAT

4. SANDY

5. PROFILE

 

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9. Explain how soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented.

The ways to prevent soil pollution are:

(i) Recycling of non-biodegradable wastes.

(ii) Limiting the use of pesticides and insecticides.

(iii) Making dumping grounds of non-biodegradable wastes far away from fertile land.

The ways to prevent soil erosion are:

(i) Afforestation or planting of trees.

(ii) Reduce cutting down of trees or deforestation.

(iii) Using step farming in hilly regions

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8. Razia conducted an experiment in the field related to the rate of percolation. She observed that it took 40 min for 200 mL of water to percolate through the soil sample. Calculate the rate of percolation.

Given,

Time taken to percolate = 40\ min 

Amount of water = 200\ mL

We know,

Rate of percolation (mL/min)= \frac{amount\ of\ water}{percolation\ time}

= \frac{200\ ml}{40\ min}

= 5\ mL/min

Therefore, percolation rate of water = 5\ mL/min

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7. Sketch the cross section of soil and label the various layers.

The various layers of soil are:

sohil

A- horizon or topsoil : Soft, porous and can retain more water.

B- horizon or middle layer: Harder and more compact.

C- horizon or third layer: Made up of small lumps of rocks with cracks and crevices.

Bedrock:  Hard and difficult to dig.

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6. List the differences between clayey soil and sandy soil.

 

Differences between clayey soil and sandy soil are:

Clayey soil Sandy soil
Contains finer particles Contains larger particles
Particles are tightly packed  Particles are loosely packed 
It is fertile It is not fertile
High water retention capacity Low water retention capacity
Lowest percolation rate of water Highest percolation rate of water

 

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5. How is clayey soil useful for crops?

Clayey soil is very useful for crops for the following reasons:

(i) It has the highest water retaining capacity.

(ii) It is very fertile because of the humus present in it.

This clayey soil makes it suitable for growing cereals like wheat, gram and paddy.

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Q 4. Explain how soil is formed.

The breaking down of rocks by the action of wind, water and climate is known as weathering. Soil is formed by the process of weathering. The type of rock decides the nature of soil formed and the type of vegetation that grows in it.

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Match the items in Column I with those in Column II:

Column I                                            Column II
(i) A home for living organisms           (a) Large particles
(ii) Upper layer of the soil                    (b) All kinds of soil
(iii) Sandy soil                                     (c) Dark in colour
(iv) Middle layer of the soil                  (d) Small particles and packed tight
(v) Clayey soil                                     (e) Lesser amount of humus

Column I Column II

A home for living organisms

(b) All kinds of soil

Upper layer of the soil

(c) Dark in colour

Sandy soil

(a) Large particles

Middle layer of the soil

(e) Lesser amount of humus

Clayey soil

(d) Small particles and packed tight

 

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Tick the most suitable answer in question 2.

2. The water holding capacity is the highest in
(i) sandy soil
(ii) clayey soil
(iii) loamy soil
(iv) mixture of sand and loam

 

(ii) Clayey soil

The particles in clayey soil are very fine and are packed together tightly. This provides high water retention capacity. Thus, clayey soil has the highest water holding capacity.

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Tick the most suitable answer to the question

1. In addition to the rock particles, the soil contains
(i) air and water
(ii) water and plants
(iii) minerals, organic matter, air and water
(iv) water, air and plants

 

In addition to the rock particles, the soil contains (iii) minerals, organic matter, air and water.

The uppermost layer of soil is rich in humus and minerals. The humus makes the soil fertile and provides nutrients to growing plants. Small particles of soil are generated due to the weathering of big rocks. Many organisms are found in the soil. These organisms add nutrients and minerals to the soil. So along with rock particles soil contains minerals, organic matter, air and water.

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