In which of the following interactions both partners are adversely affected ?
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Competition
Competition -
A process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its 'r' the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species.
- wherein
Eg: The Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos Islands became extinct within a decade after goats were introduced on the island, apparently due to greater browsing efficiency of the goals.
Option 1)
Predation
incorrect option
Option 2)
Parasitism
incorrect option
Option 3)
Mutualism
incorrect option
Option 4)
Competition
correct option