What are the examples of Ectoparasites?
Fungus on bread
Ticks on dogs
Lice on humans
Both (b) and (c)
Ectoparasites are parasites that consume the host organism's outer surface. Lice on people and ticks on dogs are two of the most well-known examples of this group. Ectoparasitic copepods infest a lot of marine species. Cuscuta, a parasitic plant that frequently grows on hedge plants, has evolved without leaves and without chlorophyll. It feeds on the host plant it parasitizes for nourishment.
Option 4 is the correct answer.