Which of the following is not an advantage to seed-based reproduction?
(1)
Reserve food material is provided for the developing embryo.
(2)
Seed coat protects the embryo and allows it to remain dormant until favourable environmental conditions are available.
(3)
The amount of energy spent per female gametophyte is less than that spent on making a spore.
(4)
The female gametophyte remains on the sporophyte which provides protection and nourishment.
Option (3) is not a benefit of seed-based reproduction because it takes more energy to develop a female gametophyte and produce a seed than to produce a simple spore. Seeds are complex structures that have an embryo, stored food, and a protective covering. All of these tasks take a lot of energy and resources from the parent plant. Spores, on the other hand, are small, simple, and cost less. Therefore, the statement that there is less energy spent per female gametophyte than there is per spore is not true.
Hence, the correct answer is - The amount of energy spent per female gametophyte is less than that spent on making a spore.