Secondary phloem remains functional generally
Less than 1 year
More than 1 year
For 1 year
As long as plant lives
Secondary phloem has the same origin as secondary xylem, namely, the vascular cambium and can form a continuous cylinder of tissue opposite secondary xylem in woody plants. Cells displaced towards the outside of the vascular cambium differentiate as phloem. Secondary phloem can remain active over several growth cycles. Secondary phloem, like secondary xylem, is a complex tissue. It always has sieve elements which are analogous to tracheary elements. However, parenchyma is also present, and sclerenchyma may also be visible. Secondary phloem remains functional generally as long as the plant is alive. Hence, the correct answer is option 4.