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Which of the following combinations specifically accelerates the heart rate?
Stimulation of sympathetic nerves and release of noradrenaline
Activation of cranial nerves and secretion of adrenaline
Stimulation of cranial nerves and release of acetylcholine
Activation of sympathetic nerves and release of acetylcholine
Answers (1)
The heart rate is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system, specifically through the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine) as their primary neurotransmitter, while the parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine.
In terms of heart rate acceleration, the sympathetic nervous system plays a dominant role. When sympathetic nerves are stimulated, they release noradrenaline, which binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on the heart's pacemaker cells (located in the sinoatrial node). This binding leads to an increase in the pacemaker cells' activity, resulting in an accelerated heart rate.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
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